Educational Software Cooperative 4/Educational Software Cooperative 4.iso/biblo302/manual.doc

Text File | 1993-12-18 | 256.9 KB | 6,382 lines

                                   ABOUT THIS FILE

               This file contains the instruction manual for BIBLOGIC in
          printable form.

               It is formatted for printing on an ASCII compatible
          80-column printer with 66 or more lines per page. The file
          contains form-feed characters between pages.














                                                                       (TM)
                                                        B I B L O G I C

                                                    Bibliographic Reference
                                                           Database Program


























                  _______
             ____|__     |               (R)
          --|       |    |-------------------
            |   ____|__  |  Association of
            |  |       |_|  Shareware
            |__|   o   |    Professionals
          -----|   |   |---------------------
               |___|___|    MEMBER


               Biblogic Computer Services
               P.O. Box 1424
               Thousand Oaks
               CA 91358-0424, USA

          Fax:         [phone]
          CompuServe:  75020,556
          E-mail:      [e-mail]



          The BIBLOGIC Bibliographic Database Program was designed by
          ANNE CHAMPION and STEPHEN CHAMPION.

          The manual was written by STEPHEN CHAMPION and was revised by
          PETER CROME, JAN SMITH and STEPHEN CHAMPION.

          The program was written by STEPHEN CHAMPION using the Clipper
          compiler by Nantucket Corporation.

          BIBLOGIC Computer Services would like to thank the users of this
          program for their suggestions, support and encouragement during
          the development of the program and manual.



          Manual first printed December 1987.
          Revised April 1989, January 1992, June 1992, December 1993.



          Copyright (c) 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
          Stephen Champion, Biblogic Computer Services.

          All rights reserved.


          No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted,
          transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any
          other language, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means,
          whether it be electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, manual
          or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
          publisher and copyright owner.

          Biblogic Computer Services believes that the information
          contained in this manual is correct. However, Biblogic Computer
          Services reserves the right to revise this manual and make
          periodic changes to the content, without any obligation to notify
          any person of such revisions or changes. Biblogic Computer
          Services does not assume responsibility for the use of this
          manual or software.

          The software supplied with this manual contains valuable trade
          secrets and proprietary information. Unauthorized use of this
          manual or the software can result in prosecution.

          IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp.
          Clipper is a trademark of Nantucket Corporation.
          Medline & DIALOG are trademarks of the respective on-line
          service providers.
          CompuServe Mail is the trademark of CompuServe Incorporated.
          BIBLOGIC is a trademark of Biblogic Computer Services.
          Other trademarks are the trademarks of their respective
          trademark owners
          Biblogic Computer Services is a registered business name in the
          state of Queensland, Australia and at Thousand Oaks, California
          USA.




                                  Table of Contents


           1. INTRODUCTION...............................................1
              1.1. ABOUT THIS MANUAL.....................................1
              1.2. THE DEMO PROGRAM......................................1
              1.3. FEATURES OF BIBLOGIC..................................2
              1.4. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS................................3
              1.5. DISCLAIMER & AGREEMENT................................3
              1.6. SUPPORT POLICY........................................5
              1.7. INSTALLING THE BIBLOGIC PROGRAM.......................6

           2. LEARNING TO USE THE BIBLOGIC PROGRAM.......................8
              2.1. HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL................................8
              2.2. UPGRADING TO THE LATEST VERSION.......................8
              2.3. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE BIBLOGIC PROGRAM..............9
                   2.3.1. The screen.....................................9
                   2.3.2. The keyboard...................................9
                   2.3.3. Menus.........................................10
                   2.3.4. File names....................................11
                   2.3.5. Databases.....................................11
                   2.3.6. Records.......................................13
                   2.3.7. Data input....................................13
                   2.3.8. The "Print-Screen" function...................13
              2.4. TUTORIAL - LEARNING BIBLOGIC BY EXAMPLE..............14
                   2.4.1. How to input a book reference.................15
                   2.4.2. How to input a review.........................16
                   2.4.3. How to input an article reference.............18
                   2.4.4. Cursor movements..............................19
                          2.4.4.1. Cursor movement between fields.......19
                          2.4.4.2. Cursor movement between records......19
                   2.4.5. Editing a reference...........................20
                   2.4.6. Examining a reference.........................21
                   2.4.7. Generating a reference list...................21
                   2.4.8. Modifying the format of references............22

           3. DESIGNING THE CATEGORY STRUCTURE..........................25
              3.1. WHY USE A CATEGORY STRUCTURE ?.......................25
              3.2. BIBLOGIC CATEGORY STRUCTURES.........................26
              3.3. TYPES OF CATEGORY STRUCTURES.........................26
                   3.3.1. Hierarchical tree structures..................26
                   3.3.2. Matrices......................................27
              3.4. HOW TO DESIGN A CUSTOMIZED CATEGORY STRUCTURE........31
              3.5. CATEGORY STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.....38
                   3.5.1. Multiple users................................38
                   3.5.2. Chapters......................................38
                   3.5.3. Critical dates................................39
                   3.5.4. Marking references............................39
                   3.5.5. Zero as a topic code..........................39
                   3.5.6. Other uses....................................39
                   3.5.7. Partial categorization........................40






           4. CREATING YOUR OWN REFERENCE DATABASE......................41
              4.1. PREPARING TO INPUT REAL REFERENCES ..................41
                   4.1.1. Making a list of journals.....................41
                   4.1.2. Printing the current journal list.............43
              4.2. INPUTTING REFERENCES.................................44
              4.3. INPUTTING REVIEWS....................................44
              4.4. LISTS................................................45
              4.5. MODIFYING THE PRINT FORMAT...........................46
              4.6. DEVELOPING A BACKUP STRATEGY.........................48
              4.7. ADVANCED FEATURES OF THE BIBLOGIC PROGRAM............49
                   4.7.1. Specific features.............................49

           5. BIBLOGIC REFERENCE........................................50
              5.1. STARTING BIBLOGIC....................................50
              5.2. THE BOOKS MENU.......................................52
                   5.2.1. Add - Add new book references.................52
                   5.2.2. Special features..............................55
                          5.2.2.1. Moving the cursor between names......55
                          5.2.2.2. Copying a previous reference.........55
                          5.2.2.3. Checking for duplicates..............56
                   5.2.3. Inputting a review............................57
                   5.2.4. Edit - Change a book reference................58
                          5.2.4.1. Editing by reference number..........58
                          5.2.4.2. Editing with searches................58
                          5.2.4.3. Special author searches..............59
                   5.2.5. Examine - Look at existing book references....60
              5.3. THE ARTICLES MENU....................................61
                   5.3.1. Add - Add new journal article references......61
                          5.3.1.1. Special features.....................63
                   5.3.2. Edit - Change existing references.............63
                   5.3.3. Examine - Look at existing references.........63
              5.4. THE REVIEWS MENU.....................................64
                   5.4.1. Add - Add new reviews.........................64
                          5.4.1.1. Special Features.....................64
                   5.4.2. Edit - Change existing reviews................64
              5.5. THE LISTS MENU.......................................66
                   5.5.1. References - List full references.............66
                   5.5.2. Comments with number..........................68
                   5.5.3. Comments with authors.........................68
                   5.5.4. Comments with reference.......................68
                   5.5.5. Journals - List journal titles................69
                   5.5.6. Manual list...................................70
              5.6. THE SET-UP MENU......................................71
                   5.6.1. Configuration.................................71
                   5.6.2. New journal list..............................73
                   5.6.3. Edit journal list.............................73
                   5.6.4. New database..................................74
                   5.6.5. New print format..............................74
                   5.6.6. Edit print format.............................80
                   5.6.7. Set numbers...................................80
                   5.6.8. Medline/DIALOG conversions....................80
                          5.6.8.1. Medline..............................81
                          5.6.8.2. DIALOG...............................82




              5.7. THE UTILITIES MENU...................................83
                   5.7.1. Import........................................83
                   5.7.2. Export........................................83
                   5.7.3. Pack database.................................84
                   5.7.4. Topic code changes............................84
                          5.7.4.1. Add column...........................84
                          5.7.4.2. Delete column........................84
                          5.7.4.3. Individual substitutions.............85
                   5.7.5. Register......................................86
              5.8. EXIT.................................................86


          Appendices

           A. Installing BIBLOGIC on disk drives other than C:..........87
           B. Running BIBLOGIC from other directories...................88
           C. Field sizes...............................................90
           D. Comments field editing....................................93
           E. Backing up, considerations for advanced users.............95
           F. The SOUNDEX algorithm.....................................97
           G. On-screen topic help......................................99
           H. Special effects codes for new word processors............100




          Index........................................................102


                                                               Introduction


          1. INTRODUCTION

               The BIBLOGIC bibliographic database program is a
          research/writing tool which allows the user to store, retrieve
          and print bibliographic information and associated remarks. The
          program can generate selected reference lists in many styles to
          satisfy the requirements of different publishing bodies. It also
          allows users to organize their own notes on references. The
          comments on a particular concept may then be selectively combined
          into a single document for further word processing. BIBLOGIC is
          compatible with most word processors.

               The program was initially written to meet the needs of PhD
          candidates who found that existing programs fell short of their
          requirements. Since the first version of this program was
          released, it has been refined to incorporate many suggestions
          from its users. The program is currently being used in
          universities, hospitals and government departments, by
          researchers in a wide range of disciplines.

               In order to benefit as many users as possible, BIBLOGIC is
          distributed as "Shareware". Shareware distribution gives you a
          chance to try BIBLOGIC before buying it. If you try BIBLOGIC and
          continue using it, you must register your copy.

               When you register your copy, you will receive the right to
          support via fax, mail or CompuServe Mail. You will also be able
          to receive low-cost updates. See page 3 for details of how to
          register your copy.

               BIBLOGIC is NOT public domain software. It is copyrighted
          software and, in evaluating or using it, you must adhere to the
          terms set out in the agreement (see page 3).

          1.1. ABOUT THIS MANUAL

               Since this manual is supplied on disk, its size and the use
          of diagrams is limited. This manual does, however, describe all
          of the features of BIBLOGIC in full.

          1.2. THE DEMO PROGRAM

               It is strongly recommended that, if you have not already
          done so, you run the demonstration program included in the
          package. This provides a quick overview of how BIBLOGIC works and
          the manual will be much clearer to you if you have run the demo
          program. A batch file DEMO.BAT is included so that (once you have
          installed BIBLOGIC) you can just type "DEMO" at the DOS prompt in
          the BIBLOGIC directory to do this.





          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 1

                                                               Introduction


          1.3. FEATURES OF BIBLOGIC

          BIBLOGIC incorporates a number of unique features:

          *    articles are categorized by a hierarchical numbering system
               which is defined by the user. Retrieval is therefore much
               easier than using keywords. The categories are chosen by the
               user, so they closely match the natural divisions in the
               papers being prepared.

          *    The user's comments on the articles (reviews) are kept in a
               different area from the references themselves, along with
               the category numbers. The user, or users, may therefore
               enter multiple reviews for a single reference and so call up
               reviews on different aspects of an article independently.
               Comments on particular topics can be extracted from the
               database and put into a document file for editing with a
               word processor.

          *    Output from the program is in the form of text files which
               can be directly read into most word processors. The program
               can be configured to output the correct formatting
               characters so that "special effects" such as bold,
               underline, italics and so on are automatically included in
               the output file (of course, your word processor and printer
               have to be able to handle these effects !).

          *    References can be printed in many different formats to
               satisfy the requirements of different journals. Hence,
               producing a list in the format:

               SMITH AB, JONES DF and PARKER CV (1984).......

               is just as easy as:

               A. B. Smith, D. F. Jones & C. V. Parker, (1984)......

               This enables the same bibliographic information to be
               readily included in articles submitted to different
               journals.

          *    Journal titles are handled so that all references to the
               same journal are exactly the same. The particular
               abbreviation used for a journal name can easily be changed
               for submission to different journals.

          *    Provisions for inserting "Cited by" references are provided.

          *    The user may develop several databases on one computer,
               using a single copy of the program. A database can contain
               several thousand references.



          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 2

                                                               Introduction



          *    The import and export features of BIBLOGIC allow the
               contents of one BIBLOGIC database to be added to another. A
               selected list of references can be exported to form a
               separate database.

          *    Information from certain on-line database services can be
               read into a BIBLOGIC database.

          *    A number of different search methods allow the user to
               locate a particular reference, even when it has been
               incompletely categorized. For example, the user may search
               for references with a particular word in the title and
               examine them on-screen.

          *    References from the BIBLOGIC database can be listed
               alphabetically, by year, or in an arbitrary order selected
               by the user.

          1.4. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

               The program runs on an IBM XT, or true compatible, running
          DOS 2.1 or later. The machine must have a hard disk drive and a
          minimum of 640k of memory. It is recommended that you install the
          program on a disk with more than about 2 megabytes of free space.
          Although the program itself does not take up this much room, a
          typical database of several thousand references does take up
          quite a bit of space.

          1.5. DISCLAIMER & AGREEMENT

               Users of BIBLOGIC must accept the following disclaimer of
          warranty:

               "BIBLOGIC IS SUPPLIED AS IS. THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL
          WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION,
          THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND OF FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
          THE AUTHOR ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES, DIRECT OR
          CONSEQUENTIAL, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM THE USE OF BIBLOGIC."

               BIBLOGIC is a "shareware program" and is provided at no
          charge to the user for evaluation. Feel free to share it with
          your friends, but please do not give it away altered or as part
          of another system. The essence of "user-supported" software is to
          provide personal computer users with quality software without
          high prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers to
          continue to develop new products. If you find this program useful
          and find that you are using BIBLOGIC and continue to use BIBLOGIC
          after a reasonable trial period, you must make a registration
          payment of $47 to Biblogic Computer Services at:




          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 3

                                                               Introduction


                         Biblogic Computer Services
                         P.O. Box 1424
                         Thousand Oaks
                         CA 91358-0424
                         U.S.A.

               Please make check or money order payable to "Biblogic
          Computer Services". RESIDENTS OF CALIFORNIA MUST ADD SALES TAX.
          Checks should be in US dollars and drawn on a US bank.

               The $47 registration fee will license one copy for use on
          any one computer at any one time. You must treat this software
          just like a book. Specifically, this software may be used by any
          number of people and may be freely moved from one computer
          location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it
          being used at one location while it's being used at another. Just
          as a book cannot be read by two different persons at the same
          time.

               Commercial or institutional users of BIBLOGIC must register
          and pay for their copies of BIBLOGIC within 30 days of first use
          or their license is withdrawn. Site-License arrangements may be
          made by contacting Biblogic Computer Services.

               Anyone distributing BIBLOGIC for any kind of remuneration
          must be authorized by Biblogic Computer Services. Please see
          VENDOR.DOC for full details.

               This authorization will automatically be granted to
          distributors recognized by the Association of Shareware
          Professionals (ASP) as adhering to its guidelines for shareware
          distributors, and such distributors may begin offering BIBLOGIC
          immediately (However Biblogic Computer Services must still be
          advised so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the
          latest version of BIBLOGIC.).

               You are encouraged to pass a copy of BIBLOGIC along to your
          friends for evaluation. Please encourage them to register their
          copy if they find that they can use it. All registered users
          receive the right to support via fax, mail, or e-mail. They
          are also eligible to receive low-cost updates.













          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 4

                                                               Introduction


          1.6. SUPPORT POLICY

               Biblogic Computer Services undertakes to support registered
          users of BIBLOGIC by answering queries relating to the program by
          fax, mail or CompuServe Mail.

               Biblogic Computer Services' policy on support is as follows.
          It is subject to change without notice.

          1)   Support is limited to registered users only. In the case of
               site licenses, a single contact person will be designated.
               Requests for support must include the serial number given at
               the time of registration.

          2)   Requests for support must be by mail, fax, or e-mail.

          3)   All support requests from registered users will be
               acknowledged.

          4)   So far, it has not been necessary to limit the number of
               support requests that a registered user may make. Biblogic
               Computer Services reserves the right to limit the total
               number of support requests or limit the period for which
               support is available. In any case, limits will be in excess
               of those recommended by the Association of Shareware
               Professionals.

          5)   Biblogic Computer Services does not undertake to provide
               support for programs other than Biblogic.

























          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 5

                                                               Introduction


          1.7. INSTALLING THE BIBLOGIC PROGRAM

              BIBLOGIC is a shareware program so it is distributed by
          several different methods, including Electronic Bulletin Board
          Systems (BBSs), on-line services such as CompuServe, in Share-
          ware CD-ROM or disk collections, or by Shareware disk vendors.

          The method used to install BIBLOGIC depends on where you
          obtained the program, but basically consists of four steps:

          1)   Create a directory called "\BIBLOGIC" in the root directory
               on your hard disk.

          2)   Copy files to your hard disk, uncompressing ("unzipping")
               if necessary.

          3)   Modify your CONFIG.SYS file to allow BIBLOGIC to run.
               NOTE: BIBLOGIC WILL NOT RUN WITH THE WRONG SETTINGS IN
               CONFIG.SYS.

          4)   Reboot your computer if you altered CONFIG.SYS.

          Full details on installation are included in the README.DOC
          file in the package. Be sure to check README.DOC for specific
          information relating to CONFIG.SYS settings and problems
          running BIBLOGIC under certain conditions.

               The README.DOC instructions are for the most common type
          of installation, in a subdirectory called "\BIBLOGIC". If you
          have special requirements, please see page 87 and 88.

               You may want to put the BIBLOGIC directory on the "path" so
          that you can run it from any subdirectory. See page 88 for
          details of how to do this.

          IMPORTANT NOTE:

          If you intend to give a copy of BIBLOGIC to somebody for
          evaluation, be sure to give them an exact copy of the
          distribution package and not a copy from your hard disk. This is
          for two reasons. Firstly, it is a condition of your license
          agreement that only complete and unaltered copies of the BIBLOGIC
          package are distributed. Secondly, novice users may have
          difficulty with a copy of the program which is not set-up EXACTLY
          as on distribution disks, since this manual makes certain
          assumptions about the way BIBLOGIC is set up in the tutorial
          section.







          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 6

                                                               Introduction
























































          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 7

                                                                   Learning


          2. LEARNING TO USE THE BIBLOGIC PROGRAM

          2.1. HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL

               This manual is separated into several sections.

               The learning section provides a quick introduction to the
          BIBLOGIC program and how to use its many features. It includes
          basic information and practice examples.

               The section on category structures outlines how to design a
          category structure to suit your references.

               The section entitled "Creating your own reference database"
          explains how to input your own references. It is recommended that
          you follow through these sections to learn how to use the
          BIBLOGIC system quickly.

               The reference section contains comprehensive explanations of
          the various commands and features of the BIBLOGIC program. It is
          organized menu by menu so you can easily find information.

               The appendices which follow the reference section provide
          technical information about the BIBLOGIC program.

               Finally, a separate supplement (SUPPL.DOC) contains the
          latest information regarding using particular word processors.

          2.2. UPGRADING TO THE LATEST VERSION

               Since BIBLOGIC was first released, there have been many
          additions and improvements to the program. This has occurred in
          response to requests from BIBLOGIC users. As each new version is
          released the changes are documented in a text file called
          "README.DOC" which is supplied on the BIBLOGIC distribution
          disks. This file also contains instructions on updating from one
          version to another. To view the latest updates to the program put
          the distribution disk in drive A: and type:

               TYPE A:README.DOC    then press the <Enter> key.

               This file may also be printed using the DOS "Print" command
          (see your DOS manual for details).











          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 8

                                                                   Learning


          2.3. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE BIBLOGIC PROGRAM

               Before you start using the program you should familiarize
          yourself with some basic principles. If you already use your
          computer for other applications (such as word processing) much of
          this will be familiar, but please read through this section as
          there are some items which are specific to this program which you
          should know.

          2.3.1. The screen

               In the BIBLOGIC program, text put on the screen by the
          program is differentiated from text YOU have typed in by the way
          the text is displayed. Text output by the program is output as
          colored text on a black background (normal text) and text YOU
          type in is usually shown as black text on a colored background
          (reverse, or inverse video).

               The cursor is a flashing "underline" symbol (_) which
          appears on the screen to indicate the position at which the next
          character you type will be put.

          2.3.2. The keyboard

               In this manual, text that YOU type in on the keyboard to
          complete a specific task, is shown inside quotation marks. For
          example:

               "BIBLOGIC <Enter>"

               Special keys are shown inside angle brackets <>, shown as
          you should find them marked on your keyboard. Everything else is
          shown exactly as you should type it. Do not type the quotation
          marks. Keyboards differ slightly, and you may find that certain
          keys are marked differently on your keyboard. Some possible
          variations are:

          In this document:                  Some Keyboards:
          <Enter>                            <Enter> <Return> or < <---' >
          <Back Space>                       <Bsp> or < <-- >
          <Ins>                              <Insert>
          <Del>                              <Delete>
          <Ctrl>                             <Control>
          <Pg Up>                            <Page Up>
          <Pg Dn>                            <Page Down>

               The "arrow keys" which are used to move the cursor around
          the screen are, on most keyboards, dual purpose keys which can
          also be used for numeric input. These are an alternative to the
          numbers above the QWERTYUIOP keys. To use these keys to move the
          cursor around, the <Num Lock> must be off. This is turned on or



          BIBLOGIC                                                   Page 9

                                                                   Learning


          off by pressing the <Num Lock> key once. The <Num lock> light
          shows the current state. On most computers the <Num Lock> is off
          when the computer is first switched on. Some extended keyboards
          have separate keys for numbers and arrows.

               The <Ctrl> key ("Control" key) is used in a similar way to
          the <Shift> key. For example, to obtain the sequence shown in
          this text as <Ctrl Q>, press the <Ctrl> key, and while holding it
          down, press the <Q> key. The keys can be released in any order.

               The <Esc> key also has a special function. In most parts of
          the program it can be used to "escape" from what you are doing
          and return to the menu (see below). If the program is in the
          middle of something very complicated it may be a little while
          before it acknowledges your request to "escape". If there is a
          delay, be patient, as one press of <Esc> will be enough to stop
          the process. You may have to wait for the program to get to a
          stage where it can safely escape from what it is doing in a tidy
          manner.

               The function keys <F1> to <F10> have special functions in
          certain parts of the program. These functions are described in
          the appropriate part of the reference section of this manual.

               If you hold any key down for more than a very short time,
          the "auto-repeat" function of your computer will be activated.
          This function makes the keyboard react as if you have pressed the
          key many times in quick succession. Although this function is
          quite useful when you are word processing (for example), it may
          be confusing in a program like BIBLOGIC. Be careful not to rest
          your fingers on the keys after pressing them.

          2.3.3. Menus

               The BIBLOGIC program is a menu driven system. This means
          that it allows the user to control the program by selecting from
          lists of options that are displayed on screen, rather than by
          typing commands.

               After the program is loaded, the program's MAIN menu page
          will be displayed.

               The menu names are shown across the top line of the screen.
          The current menu (initially the BOOKS menu) is highlighted and
          below the name of the menu, the sub-menu choices appear. To
          access these menus, you may use one of two methods to move the
          highlight from one menu name to another. You may use the left-
          and right-arrow keys to move through the menus or you may select
          a particular menu by pressing the letter corresponding to the
          first letter of the menu name. The EXIT menu may also be reached
          by pressing <Esc>.



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 10

                                                                   Learning



               Once a menu has been chosen, the particular option required
          is selected by moving the highlight within the menu to the
          required option with the up- and down-arrow keys. The item is
          then selected by pressing the <Enter> key. Alternatively, the
          required option may be selected by pressing the number alongside
          the option. With this method you do not need to press <Enter> to
          select the option. Since the menus are selected by letters and
          the menu items by numbers, you can move freely around the options
          with very few keystrokes.

               As you move the highlight around the menu options, a one-
          line description of what each option does appears in the middle
          of the screen. At the bottom of the screen a box containing
          information about the current status of the program is displayed.
          This box tells you which database, which print format and which
          journal list is currently selected. On a registered copy, the
          registered owner's name is also displayed.

               Note that, when you are required to input a response to a
          question a "default" response will often be shown on the screen
          where your response is to be typed. If this is the response you
          wish to make, just press <Enter> to accept this answer.

          2.3.4. File names

               In a number of instances you will be asked to provide a name
          for a file. For example, this will occur when copying or creating
          a database. A file name consists of up to eight characters, a
          period (full stop) and a further three characters. For example:

               DATABASE.BKS

               The last four characters are called the filename extension.
          BIBLOGIC ALWAYS supplies the extension, so you must only type the
          main part of the file name. It must consist of up to eight
          letters and numbers, and no other characters can be a part of a
          file name in BIBLOGIC. Note that although DOS allows the use of
          certain punctuation symbols, BIBLOGIC does not.

          2.3.5. Databases

               The BIBLOGIC program can be used to maintain any number of
          independent databases, providing there is enough space on the
          disk. You can tell it which database to use with options on the
          SET-UP menu. Let us initially consider a single database called
          "EXAMPLE".







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               The database "EXAMPLE" would actually consist of several
          files, the main ones being:

               EXAMPLE.BKS    Which will contain bibliographic details on
                              books, or chapters in books.
               EXAMPLE.JAR    Which will contain bibliographic information
                              on journal articles.
               EXAMPLE.RVU    Which will contain comments on the articles,
                              chapters and books, and information
                              categorizing them.

               The database is split up in this way for two reasons.
          Separating the bibliographic data of books and journals allows
          savings in disk space. Separating notes and category information
          (reviews) from the bibliographic information allows multiple
          reviews on an article when this is appropriate. Although book and
          journal information is stored in different files, the program
          uses both of these files when compiling reference lists.

               In addition to these files, the program also uses other
          files which initially have the following names:

               EXAMPLE.JLS    Which will contain a numbered list of journal
                              titles.
               EXAMPLE.PFF    Which will contain details on how a reference
                              should be printed, including special codes to
                              produce effects such as bold, underline and
                              so on (if this is possible with the word
                              processor that you use).

               If you are the only person using the system, you will
          probably want to keep all of your information in a single
          database. To satisfy the formatting requirements of different
          journals to which you submit articles, you may need to use the
          SET-UP menu to select different print format (.PFF) files. This
          will allow you to easily vary the format of the printed reference
          list (see page 74). You may also need to keep more than one
          journal list (.JLS) file. Multiple lists would usually represent
          the same set of journal names, but would contain different
          abbreviations of the names to satisfy the conventions adopted in
          different journals.

               If there are several users utilizing the program with
          multiple databases, you will use the options on the SET-UP menu
          to allow you to switch between different databases. Hence there
          will be several sets of files like those listed above.








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               As well as the files listed above which you will be aware of
          when using the program, the program also maintains a number of
          other files which are not directly "seen" by the user:

          EXAMPLE.IBK
          EXAMPLE.IJA    Which are indexes to the database files which the
          EXAMPLE.IRV    program uses to locate information quickly when
          EXAMPLE.IJL    you request it.
          EXAMPLE.IJT

          EXAMPLE.DBT    Containing text associated with EXAMPLE.RVU
          EXAMPLE.NUM    Containing information allowing the program to
                         properly assign numbers to your references.

          2.3.6. Records

               The databases are divided into RECORDS. Each record pertains
          to a particular journal article or book, and consists of several
          FIELDS. For example, in a record pertaining to a particular book,
          there are separate fields for the chapter name, book title,
          publisher, place of publication and so on.

          2.3.7. Data input

               When data is to be input into fields a "blank form" will be
          displayed on the screen. Data is input by filling in the empty
          boxes. Each box represents a field in the record and they are
          labeled so you can identify them. Specific details of this
          process are included in the examples later in this section.

          2.3.8. The "Print-Screen" function

               If you have an ASCII printer connected to port LPT1 of your
          computer, DOS allows you to print the contents of the screen.
          This is achieved by pressing the <Shift> key, holding it down,
          and pressing the <PrtSc> key. All of the regular text that
          appears on the screen will be printed. Note that graphics symbols
          (lines and boxes) may not print properly on some printers.

               The print screen function is very useful in BIBLOGIC when
          using the "Examine existing reference" options. It can be used to
          make a print out of the reference displayed on the screen. This
          is useful as it provides the user with a hard copy of the
          reference details, and in particular the reference number.










          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 13

                                                                   Learning


          2.4. TUTORIAL - LEARNING BIBLOGIC BY EXAMPLE

               The easiest way to learn to use the BIBLOGIC program is by
          example. This section contains examples which show you how to
          input book and journal references and reviews. This section also
          deals with extracting information from the database.

               If you have just installed BIBLOGIC, it is set up to use a
          database called "EXAMPLE". You can add fictitious references to
          this database to practice using the program, and later delete the
          database. Do not type fictitious references into BIBLOGIC when
          somebody else has installed the program for their own use. You
          may be adding to a real database.

               After you have installed the program as instructed, first
          make sure that you are "logged" onto the correct drive, by typing
          (for example):

               "C:<Enter>"

          then go to the BIBLOGIC directory by typing:

               "CD\BIBLOGIC<Enter>"

          Now run the program by typing:

               "BIBLOGIC<Enter>"

               When biblogic is run, there will be a short delay while the
          program is loaded from the disk. You will then see a screen
          giving copyright information. Read this screen and then press
          <Enter> to continue.

               A few seconds later the BIBLOGIC MAIN menu screen will be
          displayed. This menu screen gives you access to all of the
          BIBLOGIC menus. The menu options, listed below, are displayed
          across the top of the MAIN menu screen. If instead you see
          messages about missing files, the installation has not been
          completed successfully, or your disk package is not complete.
          Check that you have the correct values in your CONFIG.SYS file.

               The BIBLOGIC MAIN menu options are:

                         Books
                         Articles
                         Reviews
                         Lists
                         Set-up
                         Utilities
                         Exit




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 14

                                                                   Learning


          2.4.1. How to input a book reference

               At the MAIN menu you should see that "Books" is the
          currently highlighted menu (if it is not, use the left- and
          right-arrow keys to move the highlight to the BOOKS menu). The
          options on the BOOKS menu are:

                         1. Add (new article references)
                         2. Edit (existing references)
                         3. Examine (existing references)

               To input a new book or a chapter of a book select option 1
          (Add). If the Add option on this menu is not already highlighted
          use the up- or down-arrow keys to move the highlight to the Add
          option, and then type <Enter> to select it. Alternatively, the
          Add option can be selected by just pressing <1>.

               The screen will clear and a reference form (record) with a
          number of empty boxes (fields) will appear. These labeled fields
          represent the bibliographic details that need to be filled in for
          each reference.

               At this stage you should enter a fictitious reference into
          the example database that has been created for you to practice.
          You can use the example given, or make up your own. The example
          database will be erased after the completion of the tutorial
          section. To fill in the Author fields, type in the following
          names, using lower case letters. The program will automatically
          substitute capitals in names where appropriate. After entering
          the author's surname type <Enter> to move to the initial field.
          Continue and type <Enter> on completion of each field in order to
          move onto the next field. Press <Enter> without typing anything
          else to skip over unused initial fields. For example, type:

               "smith<Enter>a<Enter>b<Enter>c<Enter>"
               "jones<Enter>d<Enter>e<Enter>"

               Once you have finished entering the authors' names press
          <Enter> instead of typing a surname to move into the Editor
          fields. Type the editors' names:

               "peters<Enter>f<Enter><Enter><Enter>"
               "evans<Enter>g<Enter>h<Enter><Enter>"

          After entering the editors' names, move on to the year by
          pressing <Enter> in an empty editor surname field.








          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 15

                                                                   Learning


               You will notice that, in the name fields, the program
          automatically capitalizes the first letter of the surnames and
          the initials. You must do your own capitalization for all of the
          other fields. Continue, entering the following details into the
          appropriate fields to complete the reference screen.

               While you are inputting data to this screen the flashing
          cursor shows the current position on the screen. To fill out a
          field and move onto the next one, simply type information into
          the box and press <Enter>. The cursor moves on to the next field.
          For the moment, don't worry about mistakes in the information you
          are typing. If you really want to, you can go back to previous
          fields to make alterations by using the up-arrow key.

               Fill out, for example:

               Field labeled:                Type:

               Year                          "1987<Enter>"
               Edition                       "1st<Enter>"
               Chapter                       "Chapter title<Enter>"
               Book Title                    "Title of the book<Enter>"
               Published by                  "Publisher<Enter>"
               at                            "Place<Enter>"
               Pages                         "100<Enter>105<Enter>"

               Note that this book record is number B1. The program numbers
          the reference automatically and displays the number between the
          page numbers and notes fields.

               The above example provides a very basic description of
          filling in a book record. A more thorough explanation can be
          found in the reference section on page 52. Details on complex
          author or editor's names, specific field information and advanced
          features are included in the reference section.

          2.4.2. How to input a review

               When you have completed filling the fields in the book
          screen, the program will automatically present you with a review
          screen. You will see that the review screen contains some
          bibliographic information on the reference and some blank fields.
          The program requires you to enter at least one review for a new
          reference.

               The TOPIC field is for the code which categorizes the
          reference. You will learn about topic codes in the section on
          category structures (see page 25). The PAGE field can be used to
          refer to the particular part of the book or journal article you





          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 16

                                                                   Learning


          are commenting on. This is usually only used for very lengthy
          references. The COMMENTS field is for your notes on the book or
          journal article.

               The comments field is different from all the other fields
          you have so far encountered. Firstly it is not shown in "inverse
          video" and secondly it is a "variable length field", that is to
          say you can type as much or as little text as you like into it.
          The area at the bottom of the reviews screen is a "window"
          through which you can see the text. When the window is filled,
          the text "scrolls" upwards within the window. Press <F3> to move
          down to the comment field then input the example comment.

          "Good overview, but poor detail in method section. Check to see
          if David has the original thesis.<Enter><Enter>"

               Notice how the program puts the next word on a new line when
          the maximum line-length is exceeded.

               To see how the window scrolls, fill up the page by just
          putting one letter on each line then typing <Enter>. When you
          come to the bottom of the page you will notice that the screen
          rolls up so that you can continue inputting text.

               When entering comments you should not press <Enter> at the
          end of each line. Press <Enter> only at the end of each
          paragraph. This is because the text is ultimately destined for a
          word processor file, where the line lengths may be different.
          Pressing <Enter> puts a "hard" (fixed) new-line into the text,
          whereas just typing beyond the end of the line and letting the
          program organize the text, does not. Full details of how to use
          this simple comments word processor are included in an appendix
          (see page 93).

               When you have finished typing comments, press <F4> to get
          back to the other fields.

           Type the following to fill the page and topic fields:

               "1223415A<Enter>1<Enter>"

          Another blank review screen will appear which can be filled if
          you want to input more than one review for the reference. Once
          you have finished entering reviews, press <Esc> at a blank review
          screen. This will return you to a blank book reference screen.
          You could now continue to enter further book references or press
          <Esc> to return to the MAIN menu. Press <Esc>.







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               It is possible to avoid inputting a review for a reference
          by pressing <Esc> at the initial blank review screen. This is not
          recommended as the topic codes in the reviews are used to search
          when generating reference lists.

          2.4.3. How to input an article reference

               We will now look at how to enter a article reference into a
          database. Select the Article menu, by pressing <A> or by using
          the arrow keys. You will now see the article menu:

                         1. Add (new article references)
                         2. Edit (existing references)
                         3. Examine (existing references)

               Type <1> to select the add option to enter a new journal
          article reference. Putting in article records is done in a
          similar way to the way book records are entered. Make up two or
          three authors names and type them into the blank fields, for
          example:

                    "jenkins<Enter>a<Enter><Enter><Enter>"
                    "macDonald<Enter>b<Enter>c<Enter><Enter>"
                    "smith<Enter>d<Enter><Enter><Enter>"

               To move to the journal Title field after you have completed
          entering authors names simply type <Enter> at an empty Author
          surname field. Now enter some data into the remaining fields. For
          example you could type:

               Field:                        Type:

               Title                         "A journal article<Enter>"
               Journal                       "3<Enter>"
               Year                          "1986<Enter>"
               Volume                        "24<Enter>"
               Supplement                    "<Enter>"
               Pages                         "15<Enter>24<Enter>"

               Note that this journal article record is numbered J1. The
          program numbers the reference automatically and displays this
          number between the page numbers and notes fields.

               When you have finished inputting the reference press <Pg Dn>
          to save the bibliographic information and move onto a blank
          review screen. To input a review for an article follow the same
          guidelines that were outlined above for the book review. Now
          input a review for the article you have just entered, filling in
          each field as appropriate.





          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 18

                                                                   Learning


          2.4.4. Cursor movements

          2.4.4.1. Cursor movement between fields

               Now that you have entered some references and reviews, you
          can learn how to move the cursor around the screen more quickly.
          As well as moving through the fields in sequence using the
          <Enter> key, you can move back and forth between the fields by
          using the following special keys:

               <Back Space>   Delete the last character typed into the box
               < <- >         Move back one character within a box
               < -> >         Move forward one character within a box
               <"up-arrow">   Move back one box
               <"down-arrow"> Move forward one box
               <Ctrl -> >     Move cursor forward one word
               <Ctrl <- >     Move cursor back one word
               <Home>         Move to start of box
               <End>          Move to end of box
               <Ctrl Home>    Move to first box
               <Ctrl End>     Move to last box
               <Pg Up>        Move back one screen
               <Pg Dn>        Move forward one screen
               <Ins>          Turn insert mode on (or off, if it is on)
               <Del>          Delete a character
               <Ctrl T>       Delete word
               <Ctrl Y>       Delete whole box
               <Ctrl U>       Restore box to original contents

          2.4.4.2. Cursor movement between records

               To move on to the next record without going though the rest
          of the fields on the screen one by one, use the <Pg Dn> key. This
          has exactly the same effect as pressing <Enter> at each of the
          remaining fields on the screen. In certain circumstances (for
          example when using the examine option) the <Pg Up> key can be
          used to go to the previous record.

               If you are finished with the database, press <Pg Dn> to get
          to a blank record screen and then press <Esc> to go back to the
          MAIN menu. If you are not in a blank record, pressing <Esc> will
          still quit from the current record and return you to the MAIN
          menu, BUT THE NEW RECORD WILL NOT BE SAVED.











          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 19

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          2.4.5. Editing a reference

               The procedure for editing information in a book, journal
          article or review record is similar. For practice you will now
          edit the book record that you entered earlier. Return to the MAIN
          menu if you are not already there. Select the Book menu, by
          pressing <B>. Press <3> to select the edit option for a book
          reference record.

               You will be asked for the number of the reference to edit.
          This is the quickest way to locate a record (Alternative methods
          of finding a particular record are described later). You should
          type:

               "1<Enter>"

          The record that you entered earlier will be displayed on the
          screen. The cursor will be positioned in the first Author surname
          field. Change the name of the first author to "Williams". You may
          change a few of the other details for practice. To save the
          changes when you have finished editing, press either <Pg Dn> or
          <Ctrl W>. Pressing <Esc> will save all of the changes made except
          for any changes to the field currently being edited. This allows
          you to escape from changes accidentally made to a field.

               When you are editing existing references, the program will
          find them much more quickly if you can supply the reference
          number. If you are unable to do so, it is possible to search for
          a reference by specifying a string of characters to search for.
          Try this now.

               First select the edit option at the BOOKS menu. When asked
          for the reference number, just press <Enter> instead of giving a
          number.

               A new screen is displayed which requires details which allow
          you to complete the search procedure. This option allows you to
          search for a particular word in a title, chapter, authors name
          and so on. Try searching for the fictitious journal article you
          typed in. Select one of the words in that title, for example
          "the" and type:

               "the<Enter><Enter><Enter>"

               The program will search for a book reference with the given
          word in the title. The first reference it finds will be displayed
          on the screen. When there are several matching references in the
          database, you can use the <Pg Dn> key to look at other references
          which match the criteria you have given. The <Pg Up> key can be
          used to go back to a previous matching reference.




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 20

                                                                   Learning


               In this case the search will locate all of the book
          references with the word "the" in the title. The search will not
          take long because the database is small, but in a real database
          this would be quite slow and so this method of searching should
          be avoided except when absolutely necessary. The string of
          letters that you use in a search need not be a whole word. For
          example, you could use "hemip" to locate all of the references
          with the words "hemiplegic", "hemiplegia" or "hemiplegics" in the
          title.

               There are special features that can be used when completing
          editing searches. These are more fully explained in the reference
          section on page 58.

          2.4.6. Examining a reference

               The Examine option is located on both the Book and Article
          menus. It allows you to find a particular reference, or browse
          through similar references. You should use this option if you
          want to look at records, but do not want to alter the existing
          information. If you have an ASCII printer connected to LPT1 you
          can print out a hard copy of the current reference being examined
          on screen. This is done by pressing <Shift PrtSc> when the
          printer is turned on and the reference is displayed on the
          screen.

          2.4.7. Generating a reference list

               Before you can try out the process of producing a list of
          references, you must input some more references and reviews. Type
          in at least four or five more fictitious references and put in
          reviews for them (using arbitrary topic codes, for example
          "1234567890").

               At the main BIBLOGIC menu select the LISTS menu. The options
          on the LISTS menu are:

                         1. References
                         2. Comments with number
                         3. Comments with authors
                         4. Comments with reference
                         5. Journals
                         6. Manual list

               From these options you can see that there are several types
          of lists which can be generated. The most commonly created list
          is that of properly formatted references. Reference lists are the
          most complex lists because they require specific search
          procedures and special print formats. The format used for the
          reference is determined by the currently selected print format




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 21

                                                                   Learning


          file. Practice generating a reference list now. To enable you to
          do this an example journal title list and print format file were
          provided when the program was installed.

               To generate a reference list press <1> to select the
          reference option. To search for the references which are included
          in the list the program uses a "topic" code. The topic codes are
          assigned to the references when reviews are added. Hence, only
          references which have reviews added can be listed.

               When the Reference option is selected, you must provide a
          "topic", a number to start numbering from, and a name for the
          output file. In this example select topic "**********" by
          pressing <Enter>. To select an un-numbered list type <0> in the
          "number from" field. You should call the output file TEST. The
          file extension ".TXT" will be automatically added. When you press
          <Enter> you will see a series of messages describing the
          progression of the listing. Ultimately you will see some
          formatted references on the screen.

               Once the list has been created press <Enter> to return to
          the LISTS menu. Select the Exit option on the MAIN menu to exit
          from BIBLOGIC and return to DOS. At the DOS prompt type:

               "TYPE TEST.TXT<Enter>"

               You will see that this file contains the references which
          you typed in. At this stage DO NOT try to edit the file with your
          word processor. You will need to read the supplement at the back
          of the manual (regarding using BIBLOGIC with various word
          processors) before doing this.

               A comprehensive explanation of the different list options is
          provided in the reference section on page 66.

          2.4.8. Modifying the format of references

               You will see that the references which have been produced
          are in a consistent format, with the name and initials laid out
          and punctuated in a particular way. If this is not the format you
          require for your own references, it can be altered.

               Start the BIBLOGIC program again. If you have forgotten how
          to do this see page 14. At the MAIN menu select the SET-UP menu.
          You will see a number of options which allow you to adjust
          (configure) the way the program works. These are:








          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 22

                                                                   Learning


                              1. Configure
                              2. New journal list
                              3. Edit journal list
                              4. New database
                              5. New print format
                              6. Edit print format
                              7. Set numbers
                              8. Medline/DIALOG conversion
                              9. Exit from BIBLOGIC

               Select option 6 (Edit print format). When asked for a file
          name type:

               "EXAMPLE<Enter>"

          After a short pause, you will be shown an example of the way the
          names were printed in the sample file you just produced. In
          answer to "Do you want to change the name format?" type:

               "Y<Enter>"

          You will then be asked "Do you want the initials before the
          name?" type:

               "Y<Enter>"

          You will see the format of the example change, and you will be
          asked "Do you want the names to be entirely in CAPITALS ?" type:

               "Y<Enter>"

          You will see the example change again. You will then be asked
          further questions about the formatting of the reference. From now
          on, in answer to every question just press <Enter> to accept the
          current format.

               Ultimately you will reach the "SPECIAL EFFECTS USAGE"
          screen. Press <Pg Dn> once, or <Enter> repeatedly to accept the
          current values. The program will then complete the format file
          editing and return you to the SET-UP menu.

               Go to the LISTS menu and make another alphabetical listing
          of references, exactly as you did before. You don't really need
          to go out into DOS to "type" the file produced. If you watch the
          program as it lists the references on the screen you will see
          that the format of the names in the references has been changed.

               This concludes the tutorial section, now you are ready to
          start the process of preparing to input real references. It
          should be remembered that this tutorial section was aimed to
          INTRODUCE you to the basic concepts of the BIBLOGIC program. You



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 23

                                                                   Learning


          are encouraged to read the reference section of the manual
          carefully after coping adequately with the basics. Read the
          reference section before adding many references as there are
          other advanced aspects not covered in this introduction.


















































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 24

                                                         Category Structure


          3. DESIGNING THE CATEGORY STRUCTURE

               You will now need to design the coding scheme which you will
          use to categorize the references in your database. The process of
          designing this scheme is initially done on paper - without
          actually putting in any references.

          3.1. WHY USE A CATEGORY STRUCTURE ?

               The BIBLOGIC program stores references of books or journals
          in the order they are entered. You will not usually want to
          create a reference list in this order, and you will not usually
          want a list of all of the references in your database. Normally
          the program is used to compile lists of references which share a
          common topic, arranged in alphabetical order by author (although
          other types of lists are possible).

               To generate a text file containing a list of references
          pertaining to a particular topic, some method must be used to
          identify just the relevant references out of the whole database.
          BIBLOGIC allows you to use an alpha-numeric coding system to
          categorize references. The program can produce a list of
          references on a particular topic by searching for references
          marked with a particular code in the database.

               A reference is categorized by putting a "review" for it into
          the database. A review consists of an alpha-numeric code
          representing a category and (optionally) notes or comments on the
          reference.

               A review can be added immediately following the addition of
          a reference to the database, or at a later time from the REVIEWS
          menu. The BIBLOGIC program is set up to force you to add a review
          immediately after each reference is entered. You can set up the
          program so that it does not do this (see page 72), but since
          uncategorized references cannot be included in reference lists
          you would not normally set it up this way.

               A unique feature of BIBLOGIC is that more than one review
          can be added for any particular reference. This allows multiple
          categorization of articles that cover more than one topic or
          concept. For example, the method, instrumentation, and results of
          an experiment discussed in a reference may be categorized (and
          commented on) separately. This feature also allows two or more
          users to individually categorize the same reference in different
          ways. This will be explained further in the section on multiple
          users (see page 38).







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 25

                                                         Category Structure


          3.2. BIBLOGIC CATEGORY STRUCTURES

               Some reference systems use keywords to categorize
          references. This can present several problems which BIBLOGIC
          overcomes by using an alpha-numeric coding system.

               In a system using keywords, inconsistencies in spelling
          between authors, countries or languages can produce an incomplete
          reference list. Likewise a spelling error in the keyword or a
          reference title will result in not all references on that
          particular topic being located. Searching with AND OR
          combinations may produce a list of the references that you want.
          Unfortunately, in practice, this method often generates a list of
          too many references or ones that are not applicable. By using an
          alpha-numeric system, in which the hierarchy is defined, the
          relevant references can be selected easily.

               Some computerized cataloging systems used in libraries use
          keywords to categorize references. This allows a large number of
          people access to a wide variety of broad topics. Although this
          approach may be appropriate for a large library, it is not well
          suited to a personal reference collection. In such a collection,
          the user must have quick access to very specific topics, which
          are organized in a way that suits the user's particular area of
          study.

          3.3. TYPES OF CATEGORY STRUCTURES

               The alpha-numeric system used in this program can be
          implemented in a number of ways. Let us consider a basic method
          first.

          3.3.1. Hierarchical tree structures

               The simplest way to consider the alpha-numeric system is as
          a tree structure. This structure consists of a central topic
          which is progressively subdivided into a number of successively
          smaller topics (see Figure 3.1). Each time a topic is split into
          smaller areas it creates a new level of the tree. This process
          can be repeated several times. BIBLOGIC allows a maximum of ten
          tree levels. It is generally advisable to use the smallest number
          of levels possible rather than defining a very elaborate tree
          with unnecessary levels.











          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 26

                                                         Category Structure


                                                  |--1 Nut-based
                                                  |
                         |--1 Vegetarian----------|--2 Cheese-based
                         |                        |
                         |                        |--3 Meat Substitutes
          --1 Recipes----|
                         |                        |--1 Poultry
                         |                        |
                         |--2 Non-vegetarian------|--2 Fish
                                                  |
                                                  |--3 Other

                                   Figure 3.1

               The digits (0 to 9) and alphabetical characters (A to Z) are
          used to label the branches at each level of the tree. Hence,
          BIBLOGIC allows a maximum number of thirty-six (36) subdivisions
          of each topic to form the next level. Thus a major topic can be
          divided into thirty-six subtopics, and each of these subtopics
          can be split into thirty-six "sub-subtopics", and so on.
          Potentially, there are a maximum of 36 to the power 10 topic
          codes available to categorize a reference (i.e. 3,650,000,000,000
          ,000). Although this limits the size of the tree structure, in
          practice this limitation is not a problem. To simplify the tree
          it is advisable that the minimum number of branches is used.
          Fewer combinations will facilitate easier classification of
          references in the reviews section. It is also advisable not to
          use zero (0) to label a branch as it is better reserved for a
          special function (more on this later).

               Throughout the following explanation, the term "digit" is
          used to mean "letter or digit" for simplicity.

               References on a particular topic are categorized by using
          the tree structure. A particular topic is numbered by listing the
          digits corresponding to its position in the tree, from left to
          right. The left-most digit represents the "branch" to take to get
          to the chosen topic at the highest level. The following digits in
          the code represent the branches taken at each successive level of
          the tree. The concept of a numeric tree structure is similar to
          the hierarchical system used to number the sections of this
          manual, as shown in the table of contents.

          3.3.2. Matrices

               A matrix is a tabular structure which consists of rows and
          columns as shown in Figure 3.2 below.







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 27

                                                         Category Structure





          DIET                Vegetarian   Non-Vegetarian    Special
          -----------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
          Low Fat          |              |              |              |
          -----------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
          Low Cholesterol  |              |              |              |
          -----------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
          Low Salt         |              |              |              |
          -----------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|

                                   Figure 3.2

               The intersections of the rows and columns represent
          references that pertain to both of two topics. When designing
          your category structure you will often find that parts of your
          categorization divide more logically into a matrix representation
          rather than a tree.

               As you can see in Figures 3.3 and 3.4 below, this method of
          categorizing topics can still be represented as a tree structure,
          so the same numbering system can be used. The branching system
          used in each example achieves the same results but the layout of
          Figure 3.4 is simpler and more consistent than Figure 3.3.

                                                  |--1 Veg.
                                                  |
                         |--1 Low Fat-------------|--2 Non-Veg.
                         |                        |
                         |                        |--3 Special
                         |
                         |                        |--1 Non-Veg.
                         |                        |
                    -----|--2 Low Chol.-----------|--2 Special
                         |                        |
                         |                        |--3 Veg.
                         |
                         |                        |--1 Special
                         |                        |
                         |--3 Low Salt------------|--2 Veg.
                                                  |
                                                  |--3 Non-veg.

                                   Figure 3.3









          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 28

                                                         Category Structure


                                                  |--1 Veg.
                                                  |
                         |--1 Low Fat-------------|--2 Non-Veg.
                         |                        |
                         |                        |--3 Special
                         |
                         |                        |--1 Veg.
                         |                        |
                    -----|--2 Low Chol.-----------|--2 Non-Veg.
                         |                        |
                         |                        |--3 Special
                         |
                         |                        |--1 Veg.
                         |                        |
                         |--3 Low Salt------------|--2 Non-Veg.
                                                  |
                                                  |--3 Special

                                   Figure 3.4

               In Figure 3.4 it can be seen that, at the third level, each
          branch is identical. Also, the order in which such levels are
          defined is arbitrary. That is to say, the first level could
          divide by type and the second level by diet, or vice versa. A
          simplified way of representing this structure is shown in Figure
          3.5.

                         |--1 Low Fat----|        |--1 Veg.------|
                         |               |        |              |
                     ----|--2 Low Chol.--|--------|--2 Non-Veg.--|----
                         |               |        |              |
                         |--3 Low Salt---|        |--3 Special---|

                                   Figure 3.5

               In a tree structure like that shown in Figure 3.1, the
          branches with the same number at a particular level are not
          necessarily related. In that example, topic 123 was no more
          related to 113 than it was to 112, in other words the "3" has no
          consistent significance across that level. On the other hand, in
          the matrix example, a digit has a consistent meaning across a
          whole level.

               You can see then, that the matrix structure is really just a
          special kind of tree structure. Most BIBLOGIC users find that
          their tree structure that they develop has some levels that
          represent a matrix (usually the first three or four levels) and
          some levels that represent a hierarchical tree. Besides the
          advantage of creating a logical and efficient categorization
          structure, the matrix structure also assists in minimizing the




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 29

                                                         Category Structure


          tree structure's depth. The benefit of creating such a combined
          category structure (such as that shown in Figure 3.6) will be
          explained in the next section.



                                                       |--1 Nut-based
                                                       |
                                        |--1 Veg.------|--2 Cheese-based
                                        |              |
                                        |              |--3 Meat Subst.
                                        |
                  |--1 Low Fat----|     |              |--1 Poultry
                  |               |     |              |
               ---|--2 Low Chol.--|-----|--2 Non-Veg.--|--2 Fish
                  |               |     |              |
                  |--3 Low Salt---|     |              |--3 Other
                                        |
                                        |              |--1 Vegetable
                                        |              |
                                        |--3 Special---|--2 Tofu
                                                       |
                                                       |--3 Pulses

                                   Figure 3.6





























          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 30

                                                         Category Structure


          3.4. HOW TO DESIGN A CUSTOMIZED CATEGORY STRUCTURE

               This section describes how to create a category structure
          for first time users of BIBLOGIC. In this manual, the term "topic
          label" is used to describe the heading given to any division of
          the category structure. The term "topic code" refers to the
          alpha-numeric code that represents a topic label. The terms
          Recipes, Vegetarian and Nut-based are examples of topic labels
          used in the category structure on page 30. Considerable thought
          should be given to the terminology used for topic labels. They
          should be as descriptive and as specific as possible in order to
          accurately define the concept they encompass. Obviously the topic
          labels will become more specific the deeper they are located in
          the category structure.

               To devise your own category structure, begin by writing a
          list of the major topic areas that are of interest to you. The
          categories chosen initially should be broad and nonspecific. Once
          these broad topic areas are established they can be subdivided
          into more specific topics. At first, it may not be clear where
          some topics that you want to include fit into the structure,
          whereas the relationships between other topics will be clear-cut.
          Reassess these major topics regularly, as you may find that these
          initial topic areas may not make up the final top levels of the
          structure. You will find that they can often be re-categorized
          under a even broader topic (see Figure 3.7 below).

                                                            |--1 Nut-based
                                                            |
                                              |--1 Veg.-----|--2 Cheese-b.
                                              |             |
                                              |             |--3 Meat Sub.
                                              |
                            |--1 Low Fat----| |             |--1 Poultry
            |--1 Metric---| |               | |             |
          --|             |-|--2 Low Chol.--|-|--2 Non-Veg.-|--2 Fish
            |--2 Imperial-| |               | |             |
                            |--3 Low Salt---| |             |--3 Other
                                              |
                                              |             |--1 Vegetable
                                              |             |
                                              |--3 Special--|--2 Tofu
                                                            |
                                                            |--3 Pulses

                                   Figure 3.7

               It is a good idea to leave space to allow for the addition
          of further topic categories as they are required or come to mind.
          However, you should try to minimize the overall complexity of the
          category structure.



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 31

                                                         Category Structure



               Do not be too concerned about adhering to traditional
          methods of categorizing topics within your area of interest. If,
          for example, it suits your study to categorize flowers as, say,
          either scented or unscented, then this should be done rather than
          using traditional botanical categories.

               The structure initially developed will often contain areas
          where there is obvious repetition. This is usually indicative of
          an underlying matrix structure and you should consider whether
          matrix levels can be used to streamline the structure. This is
          similar to the process that was used to simplify the category
          structure in Figure 3.4 to get Figure 3.5. Often, it will be
          convenient to use the first few levels of your structure as
          matrix levels, although they need not necessarily be the first
          levels.

               The emphasis, in the initial stages of category structure
          development, should be on experimentation with different
          combinations of topics and the order of subdivision.

               When first designing a category structure, users often
          create a very elaborate structure with levels nested
          unnecessarily deep. In the example shown in Figure 3.8, the
          structure shown in (a) may be rearranged as shown in (b). In (a),
          the user will be able to select references pertaining to the use
          of a particular statistical test on a particular animal (for
          example, by choosing the code for "...Breeding-Sheep-Statistics
          -Parametric-Anova..."). In practice however, if the user knows
          that they will be unlikely to be interested in singling out
          statistics-related references by animal, then the structure shown
          in (b) will be quite adequate.

               It may at first seem strange to have a mutually exclusive
          choice of Pigs, Sheep, Cattle or Statistics at one level. One
          might ask "How do I categorize an article which is specifically
          about pigs and uses a particular type of statistics ?". Of
          course, the answer is that the article should be categorized
          twice (by putting in two reviews), once as a "piggy" reference
          and once as a statistics reference.

               The argument put forward above can be taken a step further.
          If the user has no reason to distinguish between statistical
          techniques used to study breeding and those related to feeding,
          then the first level can be a choice of Breeding, Feeding or
          Statistics, and the whole statistics branch can be moved another
          level as shown in (c).







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 32

                                                         Category Structure







                                                       |-Parametric-|
                              |-Pigs---|  |-Statistics-|
                 |-Breeding-| |        |  |            |-Non-param.-|
               --|          |-|-Sheep--|--|
                 |-Feeding--| |        |  |
                              |-Cattle-|  |-Experimental Design

                                             (a)



                                   |-Pigs---|
                      |-Breeding-| |        |
                    --|          |-|-Sheep--|--
                      |-Feeding--| |        |
                                   |-Cattle-|
                                   |            |-Parametric-|
                                   |-Statistics-|
                                                |-Non-Param.-|

                                             (b)



                                        |-Pigs---|
                           |-Breeding-| |        |
                         --|          |-|-Sheep--|--
                           |-Feeding--| |        |
                           |            |-Cattle-|
                           |
                           |
                           |            |-Parametric-|
                           |-Statistics-|
                                        |-Non-Param.-|

                                             (c)



                                   Figure 3.8









          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 33

                                                         Category Structure


               If possible, you should not use all of the ten available
          levels in your tree design, so that there is room for expansion
          of the tree at a later date. Think carefully about your structure
          as it develops, and reassess your approach frequently to pick up
          this problem. An unnecessarily deep tree usually results from
          losing sight of the purpose of the tree structure, which is to
          categorize references so that particular topics can be located,
          rather than to split up your area of interest wherever a
          distinction COULD be made.

               Obviously the opposite problem can occur. A tree with a
          total of only, say, ten categories will be unlikely to provide
          the flexibility required when making lists unless only very few
          references are being categorized.

               It can be useful to write your topic labels on cards, so
          that you can spread them out and rearrange them easily.
          Alternatively draw your structure on large sheets of paper so
          that you can more easily see the relationships between topics. As
          you work through this process your own logical category structure
          with its subdivisions will emerge.

               To start testing your category structure, select a
          particular type of reference and work through the structure to
          check that the reference can be distinctly categorized. By doing
          this, you can ensure that your topic codes are specific enough to
          allow accurate categorization of your references. Repeat this a
          number of times, tracing a number of branches to thoroughly test
          your structure. Remember that you will normally categorize
          references more than once (when they address more than one
          concept) by entering more than one review for each reference.

               If you find it difficult to categorize your references
          within the structure it may be too narrow and specific. If this
          is the case further expansion of categories is needed. On the
          other hand, if you can easily categorize references, the
          structure may not be sufficiently specific. A balance between the
          two is ideal.

               At all times ask yourself the question: "What sort of
          references would I need to be able to list, and what topic code
          would I use to get just these references".

               The next step is to designate the topic codes for your
          structure. This is achieved by labeling the branches of your tree
          with a letter of the alphabet or a digit from 0 to 9. The letters
          and numbers can be assigned arbitrarily, or you may like to
          choose letters that help you remember the label represented (for
          example M for Male and F for Female). When possible, try to avoid
          using letters or numbers that can be confused with each other
          (for example 1 and I, O and 0 or 2 and Z) at the same level.



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 34

                                                         Category Structure



               As well as having a diagram of your tree structure (which
          inevitably develops as you design the structure), it is advisable
          to keep a written copy of your category structure in a book or
          folder. A suggested page layout is shown in Figure 3.9. Each page
          of the book should represent a different level of the category
          structure. It is most appropriate for the higher levels of the
          category structure to be positioned at the front of the book. The
          topic subdivisions and accompanying codes are listed under the
          relevant level.












































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 35

                                                         Category Structure










          |------------------|               |------------------|
          | Page 1 (Level 1) |               | Page 4 (Level 4) |
          |                  |               |                  |
          | 1 Metric    Pg 2 |               | 1 Nut-based      |
          | 2 Imperial  Pg 2 |               | 2 Cheese-based   |
          |                  |               | 3 Meat Subst.    |
          |    |------------------|          |         |------------------|
          |    | Page 2 (Level 2) |          |         | Page 6 (Level 4) |
          |    |                  |          |         |                  |
          |    | 1 Low Fat   Pg 3 |          |         | 1 Vegetable      |
          |----| 2 Low Chol. Pg 3 |          |---------| 2 Tofu           |
               | 3 Low Salt  Pg 3 |                    | 3 Pulses         |
               |    |------------------|     |------------------|         |
               |    | Page 3 (Level 3) |     | Page 5 (Level 4) |         |
               |    |                  |     |                  |         |
               |    | 1 Veg.      Pg 4 |     | 1 Poultry        |         |
               |----| 2 Non-Veg.  Pg 5 |     | 2 Fish           |---------|
                    | 3 Special   Pg 6 |     | 3 Other          |
                    |                  |     |                  |
                    |                  |     |                  |
                    |                  |     |                  |
                    |                  |     |                  |
                    |------------------|     |------------------|

                                   Figure 3.9





















          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 36

                                                         Category Structure



               When transcribing the category structure to the book you
          will find that, due to the complexity of most category
          structures, the category subdivisions will not necessarily be
          able to follow on successive pages. This problem is overcome by
          using a referral system. The right hand column is used to refer
          to the next level of categorization and the page on which it is
          located. This is especially important if matrices are
          incorporated in the category structure.

               BIBLOGIC allows the you to display notes on your category
          structure on-screen. It is not essential to do this, but some
          users find it helpful. The notes are stored in a special text
          file (see page 99). The notes are displayed if you press the
          function key <F1> whenever the cursor is in a topic field (for
          example in a review or when typing in the topic code for a list).


               Once you are satisfied with the basic layout of your
          category structure, the next step is to input a small number of
          references and reviews (for example 20) using your topic codes.
          The next section of the manual shows you how to start to put in
          real references. If possible, the references should cover a wide
          variety of topics as this enables more comprehensive testing. To
          test your structure, try to produce lists of particular types of
          references that are included in your small database. This
          procedure helps you to identify and correct mistakes in the
          structure before you have entered hundreds of references and
          reviews. When you have successfully completed this test, add more
          reviews. When approximately one hundred reviews have been entered
          in the database, repeat the testing procedure.

               Note that, although BIBLOGIC has facilities for making bulk
          changes to the topic codes in a database (see page 84), these
          facilities are somewhat limited and should not be relied upon to
          make major reorganizations to your structure.


















          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 37

                                                         Category Structure


          3.5. CATEGORY STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES

               In practice, there are certain situations that warrant
          special consideration when designing a category structure. In the
          following examples, it can be seen that the categorization and
          coding of references need not relate only to topics. The category
          structure can be utilized to divide references up for a variety
          of purposes.

          3.5.1. Multiple users

               If several people are intending to share the database it may
          be useful to separate their references or the comments they put
          into the reviews database. To do this one of the digits in the
          topic code can be used to distinguish between people. A user can
          then list only their own comments or references by selecting the
          correct digit, or everybody's comments by selecting "*". Which
          column of the code is chosen for this purpose is unimportant,
          because it is using a matrix form of categorization. Usually it
          will be less confusing to use either the left-most or right-most
          digit of the topic code.

               Of course, if multiple users are to share a database, the
          category structure has to be agreed upon between them.

          3.5.2. Chapters

               If you are writing a thesis or book you may already have
          ideas about how it is going to be split up into chapters. In this
          case it may be advantageous to use one digit of the
          categorization code to mark references with a chapter number. You
          will then be able to list comments in an appropriate grouping for
          assimilation into the body of the text using a word processor.

               Note that, it is being suggested here that you use a digit
          to represent the chapter in each review AS WELL as categorizing
          by topic. Hence a review might be categorized with the code
          "3X41H" where the "3" represents Chapter 3 and "X41H" represents
          a particular topic.

               Because of the somewhat indistinct boundaries between
          chapters, this approach will almost certainly diminish in
          usefulness as the project goes on but, providing you have spare
          digits in the topic code, this may be a useful scheme. Asterisks
          can be used to ignore this categorization in searches if
          required. In our example above, we might initially find searches
          for "3*********" useful, but we might later only ever search for
          "*X41H*****" or "*X4*******".






          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 38

                                                         Category Structure


          3.5.3. Critical dates

               When categorizing references, you may find it useful to
          categorize a reference with respect to a certain date or event.
          This is useful if there is some distinct event in the history of
          the subject that you are studying which affects the usefulness of
          your references. If one digit of your categorization code
          signifies, for example, "B" for "before the revolution" or "A"
          for "after or during the revolution", you can use this to select
          useful references.

               Of course, this technique is not limited to historians. It
          can be used to distinguish between the publication of a
          significant paper which affects your subject, or an International
          Standard which makes results easier to compare after a certain
          date.

          3.5.4. Marking references

               The topic coding of references can be used for marking
          articles for a variety of purposes. These may include tagging
          references:

                    by course code
                    for inclusion in a particular reading list
                    which are entered into the database temporarily
                    which have been read or not.
                    by type (If you have a lot of references that are not
                    chapters in books or journal articles).

          3.5.5. Zero as a topic code

               As mentioned earlier, it is recommended that "0" is not used
          to define a topic label level if possible. This enables "0" to be
          used to label any level as "uncategorized" or "other category".
          This is particularly useful when the structure consists of many
          matrix levels, which gives a simple structure but may mean that
          certain levels are not applicable to some references.

          3.5.6. Other uses

               Users preparing a major thesis could use one digit of the
          code to categorize every reference as either "used" or "not used"
          in the thesis. This will allow references to be excluded from
          lists even when their topic, chapter number and so on are
          appropriate. A variation on this idea is to use a "fake" chapter
          number for the same purpose (assuming a topic digit is already
          being used for chapter number).






          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 39

                                                         Category Structure


               Some users will like to put some sort of review into the
          database as soon as the reference has been input, but leave
          actually reading and commenting on the item until later. In this
          case it may be useful to be able to call up items which have not
          been fully reviewed. A topic digit could be used to indicate that
          a review is incomplete.

          3.5.7. Partial categorization

               If it is still unclear as to the best approach to categorize
          your references, it is possible to initially define only part of
          the structure (maybe only three or four levels) and to "tighten
          up" the categorization later. Reviews can be edited to
          incorporate further categorization when the final structure is
          designed. However it is recommended that you fully design your
          category structure before adding many references and reviews, so
          that it is not necessary to go back and edit a large number of
          topic codes at a later date.




































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 40

                                                        Creating A Database


          4. CREATING YOUR OWN REFERENCE DATABASE

          4.1. PREPARING TO INPUT REAL REFERENCES

               So far, in learning how to use the BIBLOGIC program you have
          entered some fictitious example references and reviews. These
          have been stored in a database called "EXAMPLE". This section
          describes how to go about entering real references. Before doing
          this you will need to create a new database, journal list and
          print format file and set up BIBLOGIC to use these new files. New
          files can be produced using the options on the SET-UP menu.

               During the installation process, appropriate blank files
          (which were provided in the installation package) were copied
          over to your hard disk. If you are not already at the BIBLOGIC
          MAIN menu return to it now. From there exit to DOS. Now, you will
          run a "Batch" file which will copy some empty databases and other
          control files for you to use. At the DOS prompt type:

               "GOREAL<Enter>"

               The examples that you previously typed in will now be
          discarded and the program will be set up to use the following
          files:

               Database:                DATABASE
               Journal List:            JOURNALS
               Print Format:            PRINTFOR

               The database and journal list are empty and the print format
          file defines a simple format without "special effects codes".

          4.1.1. Making a list of journals

               To prepare to input your own references, you first need to
          compile a list of at least some of the journal titles that you
          expect to encounter. If you do not already have an existing
          referencing system, such as a card index, you may find it best to
          first compile a list of journal titles on paper and then number
          them. If you do have an existing system you can enter these
          directly into the program. It does not matter if you do not have
          a complete list at this stage. As your database expands, you can
          add to the journal list.

               The program allows you to print out your journal list either
          alphabetically or in numerical order. Most users use the
          alphabetical listing when entering references and the number
          assigned to each journal is, to all intents and purposes,
          arbitrary. If your database includes a wide variety of journals
          you may find it useful to group the journals by subject area or
          source. For example, all journals relating to Surgery could be



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 41

                                                        Creating A Database


          within the journal numbers 40-60. When using such a technique it
          is best to leave suitable space (unused journal numbers) for
          later additions. Printing out a journal list is described on page
          43.

               There will be some references that you will wish to include
          in your database that are not actually either journal articles or
          chapters in books. Depending on the type of reference, these may
          be put in as if they are a chapter in a book or as if they are an
          article in a journal. It is probably best to deal with these
          references when you are more familiar with the program, but
          ultimately your "journal list" may contain some names that are
          not actually the titles of journals.

               An example of such a reference is a reference to a court
          case. Some users include the names of courts in their journal
          lists and find that they can get these references out in an
          appropriate format this way. Some users also enter Conference
          Proceedings in a similar way, although these can have editors and
          a publishing body associated with them and may fit in better as
          chapters in a book. If you have a lot of "problem references"
          which do not appear to readily fit the database, then you should
          try to resolve the problem at an early stage. If you have only a
          few such references you can deal with the normal references first
          and determine whether such references are included as articles in
          a "fake" journal or chapters in a "fake" book when you are more
          familiar with the ways that references are listed.

               To create your own new journal list you must first run the
          BIBLOGIC program. To do this type the following at the DOS
          prompt.

                "BIBLOGIC<Enter>"

               When the BIBLOGIC MAIN menu appears on screen, go to the
          SET-UP menu options by pressing the <S> key (you could also use
          the right- or left-arrow keys to move across the menus to the
          SET-UP menu). Select option 3 (Edit journal list). This option
          allows you to change the contents of an existing journal list, in
          this case the empty one which was copied across during
          installation.

               Since "JOURNALS.JLS" is currently empty, you will need to
          input the names and numbers of the journals into this file. When
          asked for the name of the list to edit type "JOURNALS<Enter>".
          You will then be asked if you want the journals in alphabetical
          order, answer "Y". If, in the future, you want to edit the list
          in numerical order simply select "N" when asked.






          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 42

                                                        Creating A Database


               You will now see a screen with an editing window with arrows
          pointing to a line within the window. Above the window, the
          functions associated with various keys are listed. Press
          <F6> (Add) to add a journal and type the number and name of the
          journal into the box that appears. The journal title must be
          entered exactly as you want it to appear in references. Press
          <Enter> and you will see the journal copied into the box. Add
          further journals in the same way. You will see that the journals
          are added to the box in alphabetical order.

               If you are typing in new journals you will just use the Add
          function. However, if you want to make changes to the ones you
          have already typed in you can use the other functions. You can
          use the up- and down-arrow keys to move the list up and down a
          line at a time or the <Pg Up> and <Pg Dn> to move to the journal
          currently at the top or bottom of the box respectively. You may
          use the <F5> key to delete a journal title. The <F7> key can be
          used to find a particular journal title. If you want to edit the
          title at the arrows, press the <F8> key. To save the journal list
          when you have finished editing, press <Ctrl W>. Further
          instructions on editing the journal list appear on page 73.

          4.1.2. Printing the current journal list

               Although it is possible to bring up the journal list on the
          screen when you are adding or editing journal article references
          (see page 61), it is very useful to have a printed version of the
          list on hand. You can print out a list of journal titles in
          alphabetical or numeric order.

               At the MAIN menu, select the lists option to display its
          menu. Select option 5 on the LISTS menu to produce a list of the
          currently selected journal file. You will be asked whether you
          want the output file to have the journals listed alphabetically
          or numerically. The program will generate a list which is
          displayed on the screen as well as being stored on disk.

               The list which is written to the hard disk as a text file
          called "JOURNALS.ALP" if an alphabetical listing was selected or
          "JOURNALS.NMR" if a numeric listing was selected. This disk file
          can be printed out using the DOS "Print" command. If you are
          unsure how to do this check your DOS manual.

               It is possible to set up BIBLOGIC so that the lists made in
          this way are automatically directed to your printer as well as to
          disk (see page 72). In this case the printer must be turned on
          before you select the current journal list option.







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          4.2. INPUTTING REFERENCES

               It is necessary to have created your own topic category
          structure before inputting real references. You should do this
          because references entered without topic codes in reviews cannot
          be listed. This is fully explained in the section on "Designing A
          Category Structure" (see page 25). As well as this, you should
          have completed the tutorial section on inputting book and journal
          references (see page 14).

               If you have not completed either of these sections of the
          manual, you should refer to and complete these before continuing.
          It is also strongly recommended that, if you have not already
          done so, you run the demo program included in the release
          package. A batch file DEMO.BAT is included so you can just type
          "DEMO" at the DOS prompt in the BIBLOGIC directory to do this.

               If you have already completed these sections of the manual,
          and have defined a journal list, you can now go on to input real
          references into your database. The order in which you input the
          references is not important as they will be categorized by the
          topic codes.

          4.3. INPUTTING REVIEWS

               After a book or journal reference is put in, the program
          will force you to add a review. You can avoid putting in a review
          for the reference by pressing <Esc>.  However, unless a review is
          added, you will not be able to include the reference in any
          lists.

               To complete the review screen, first press <F3> and type
          some comments, as you did in the tutorial. Then press <F4> to
          return to the rest of the review and put in a topic code for the
          reference according to your category structure. It is not
          absolutely necessary to enter comments to use BIBLOGIC, but the
          programs usefulness is greatly enhanced by doing so. More than
          one topic code can be assigned to the reference by adding more
          reviews. The benefit of this is that the reference can be
          categorized a number of times to cover different topics. This
          allows you to find the reference when you are researching
          different areas, and to get lists of comments on a specific area
          (but about different references).

               Enter at least ten or twenty references (and corresponding
          reviews) now, so that you can experiment with the various listing
          options.







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          4.4. LISTS

               The LISTS menu option enables you to generate a text file
          consisting of references which are selected based on the topic
          codes, and formatted to the your specifications. It will also
          allow you to make a text file containing your comments based on
          topic codes.

               In the tutorial section (page 21), you used the LIST menu to
          make a list of any references that had reviews, now you can be
          specific about the sort of reference you want in the list. Select
          the "References option".

               When creating lists, you specify the type of references to
          be included in the list by providing a topic code. This topic
          code determines which references are to be included in the list.
          Asterisks (*) are used in search code to represent "don't care"
          or "all topics" at a particular level. For example, if you chose
          the topic code "123*******" the list generated would include all
          the references with the topics starting "123" with no regard for
          the other digits in the topic codes.

               An alternative to using a topic code to define the list is
          using a word (or part of a word) in the "search comments for"
          field. In this situation, the topic code will be ignored and a
          list consisting of references which have review comments
          containing the chosen word, will be created. Although this can be
          a useful way of producing lists under certain circumstances, it
          is not a very flexible method, and you should try to use your
          topic coding scheme instead whenever possible.

               Lists are formed from the combination of books and journal
          article references that fit the topic criteria of the search. If
          desired, only book or journal article references can be chosen by
          typing <B> or <J> in the "Books, Journal articles or All ?"
          field. The commonly used "reference list" option was covered in
          the tutorial section. Normally these references are
          alphabetically listed but may be listed in year order if desired.

               Try making a reference list now, as you did in the tutorial
          section (see page 21). This time use a real topic code to make a
          list of references on a particular topic.

               The lists you produce are written to an ASCII file. To make
          use of the list, you will need to read it into your word
          processor. Details of how to do this for various word processors
          are included in the supplement SUPPL.DOC. Basically, word
          processors can make use of these lists in one of three ways:






          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 45

                                                        Creating A Database


          1)   Some can edit the file just as if it were a document which
               was created within the word processor itself.

          2)   Some require that you create an empty document of an
               appropriate format and read in the list using a "Read ASCII
               File", "Get File", "Block Insert" or "Import" function.

          3)   Some require that you run some sort of conversion routine on
               the file to convert it from raw ASCII to the correct format
               for the word processor. This might be done from a menu
               within the word processor or from DOS by running a special
               program.

               If you have put in any comments on the references, try out
          one or two of the comments list options from the LISTS menu.
          Lists can also be made in an arbitrary order determined by the
          user. Refer to the reference section for details of this and
          other list features (see page 70).

          4.5. MODIFYING THE PRINT FORMAT

               You can now experiment with the reference format in the
          lists you produce.

               The style or layout of a reference is determined by the
          print format. The print format also specifies the special codes
          that the BIBLOGIC program uses to relay printing instructions to
          your word processor, for example, for bold and underlined text.

               There are a number of special print format files, provided
          with the BIBLOGIC program, for commonly used word processors.
          These print format files contain specific print codes but you may
          find that you still need to modify the layout component of the
          file to meet your requirements.

               Since the print format supplied with the program will
          probably not suit your purposes, ultimately you will need to
          create a new format. For now, it is suggested that you leave the
          fine tuning of the print format until you are more familiar with
          the program. The following example shows you how to go about
          creating changes to the print format file if you find it
          necessary.

               Return to the MAIN menu and select the SET-UP menu. Choose
          option <5> to make a new print format file. You will be asked if
          you want to copy an existing print format file.
          Type:

               "Y<Enter>"





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          You will be provided with a list of existing file names. You will
          then need to supply a name of a file to copy from and a name to
          copy to. If one of the names listed corresponds to the word
          processor you use, select this name to copy FROM. The BIBLOGIC
          program is currently supplied with example print formats using
          special effects for a number of popular word processors. If you
          do not use one of these word processors type "PLAIN".

               You can name the new print format as you wish, but since the
          program is currently set up to use "PRINTFOR" it is best to use
          this name.

               As you will have seen in the tutorial section, the program
          will then prompt you with a series of questions that deal with
          the modification of the following parameters in layout and print
          code sections:

          Layout

               Name format
               Editors
               Punctuation separating parts of the reference
               Year format
               Publisher format
               Volume format
               Page format
               Notes format

          Print codes

               Special printing effects - definition
               Special printing effects - usage

               This time, look more closely at the questions that are asked
          about the format.

               When you do this, it is best if you have some references in
          front of you that are in the format that you are aiming to
          duplicate. Answer the print format questions as best you can but
          do not worry if you make some mistakes as you can go through this
          process again later. Note that, in some of the questions you must
          supply strings of characters. As you will want spaces in some of
          these strings, you must fill unused locations in the string with
          "#" which will be ignored by the program. This technique is used
          so that you can tell the difference between a "space" in the
          string and unused characters in the string.

               When you are asked if you want to change the special effects
          definitions answer:

               "N<Enter>"



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 47

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          The effects set up in the example will do for now. At the SPECIAL
          EFFECTS USAGE screen press <Pg Dn> to accept the current set-up.
          To modify these codes or to look at more specific details on
          modifying the print format refer to the reference section on page
          74. The reference section provides a step by step description and
          examples of these parameters.

               To try out the new print format, first check that the
          program is set up to use the right print format (PRINTFOR should
          be shown as the current print format on the MAIN menu), and then
          use the LISTS menu to make a reference list. If you have chosen
          to experiment with a print format with some other name, use the
          configure option on the SET-UP menu to change the current print
          format.

               Note that, when you have developed several print formats
          that produce the styles that you frequently use, you can use
          these formats simply by selecting the relevant print format file
          and making it the current one. You do NOT have to go through a
          lengthy question and answer session to define the format each
          time you want to make a list.

          4.6. DEVELOPING A BACKUP STRATEGY

               If you do not already have one, you should develop a
          strategy for protecting the data on your hard disk. The
          bibliographic database that you develop will be valuable to you
          and you will not wish to lose it ! Of course this is probably
          true for other data on your disk as well.

               At some time you will certainly lose some, or all of, the
          data on your hard disk. This is not just a possibility, it
          happens to everybody at some time. You should protect against the
          effects of losing your data by regularly copying the contents of
          your hard disk onto floppy disks or tape. To protect your
          reference database you should copy everything in the BIBLOGIC
          sub-directory onto floppy disks. Subsequent backups need only be
          of files which have changed.

               The DOS "Backup" program and similar utilities for backing
          up data can be made to back up only changed information by
          examining the "Archive" bit in the directory. This allows some
          interesting possibilities (see page 95). Consult your DOS manual
          for more information on the BACKUP utility, or contact a local
          software store for more information on alternative programs with
          similar functions.







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          4.7. ADVANCED FEATURES OF THE BIBLOGIC PROGRAM

               You have now familiarized yourself with the basic features
          of the program and you will be in a position to try some of the
          more advanced features. Browse through the reference section of
          the manual. The sections on the BOOKS, ARTICLES and REVIEWS menus
          contain some details not yet covered. The section on the LISTS
          menu describes the various methods of outputting information,
          which you should investigate.

               The most complicated part of the program, from the user's
          point of view is the SET-UP menu. You should read through the
          section on this menu so that you have an idea of how the
          program's behavior can, and cannot be altered.

          4.7.1. Specific features

               As you become more adept at using the BIBLOGIC database
          program you will be able to take advantage of the advanced
          features. Two of these are briefly described below. You should
          refer to the reference section to find information on the other
          features.

               1.   Import and Export of References (see page 83). The
                    BIBLOGIC program allows you to add the contents of one
                    database to another, or to output selected references
                    to form a separate database. In this way references can
                    be passed on to other BIBLOGIC users.

               2.   References captured during a session on some on-line
                    database services can be directly converted into a
                    BIBLOGIC database. (see page 80).






















          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 49

                                                                  Reference


          5. BIBLOGIC REFERENCE

               This section is arranged in a hierarchical fashion, in the
          same way that the menus themselves are arranged within the
          BIBLOGIC program.

          5.1. STARTING BIBLOGIC

               If you have installed BIBLOGIC using the install program as
          described on page 6 , then all you need to do is change the
          default drive to the correct disk (if necessary) by typing (for
          example):

          c:<Enter>

          then go to the BIBLOGIC directory by typing (for example):

          cd \biblogic<Enter>

          and then run BIBLOGIC by typing:

          biblogic<Enter>

          (You could write a batch file to do this if you like).

          If you want to install BIBLOGIC to run from subdirectories other
          than \BIBLOGIC, see the appendix on page 88.

               When BIBLOGIC is run, there will be a short delay while the
          main program is loaded from the disk. You will then see an
          information page giving copyright information. Read this page and
          then press <Enter> to continue. A few seconds later you will see
          the main menu.

               This page gives you access to all of the BIBLOGIC menus, as
          listed along the top line on the screen.

               The currently selected menu name (initially "Books") is
          highlighted, and below the name of the menu, the menu choices
          themselves appear. To access these menus you may use one of two
          methods to move the highlight from one menu name to another. You
          may use the left- and right-arrow keys to move through the menus
          or you may select a particular menu by pushing the letter
          corresponding to the first letter of the menu name (The EXIT menu
          may be reached by pressing <Esc>, as well as <E>).

               Once a menu has been chosen, the particular option required
          on that menu may be selected by moving the highlight within the
          menu to the required option with the up- and down-arrow keys. The
          item is then selected by pressing the <Enter> key. Alternatively,




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 50

                                                                  Reference


          the required item may be selected by pressing the number
          alongside the option (in this case you do not need to press
          <Enter> to select the item).

               Since the menus are selected by letters and the menu items
          by numbers, you can move freely around the options with very few
          keystrokes.

               As you move around the options in the various menus you will
          see a one-line description of what each option does, in the
          middle of the screen.

               At the bottom of the screen a box containing information
          about the current status of the program is displayed. This box
          tells you which database, which print format and which journal
          list are currently selected. On a registered copy of the program
          the name of the registered user also appears.

               The options on each menu are described below.



































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 51

                                                                  Reference


          5.2. THE BOOKS MENU

          The options on the BOOKS menu are:

                              1. Add
                              2. Edit
                              3. Examine

          5.2.1. Add - Add new book references

               This option is used to put in bibliographic details on a
          book or a chapter in a book. When you select this option you will
          be provided with a new reference, with blank boxes (called
          "fields"), to fill in.

               Type the first author's name, <Enter>, initial <Enter>,
          initial <Enter>, initial <Enter>, second author's name, <Enter>
          and so on. Continue until you have put in all of the names. Press
          <Enter> without typing anything else to skip over unused
          initials. Press <Enter> instead of typing a surname to move on to
          the editors (see special features below).

               Repeat this process for the editors names, if there are any.

               Note that the first letter of the surname and the initials
          are automatically capitalized. You should ALWAYS type names with
          the <Caps Lock> OFF. This will allow you to ultimately print the
          names either in upper case or lower case, which will not be
          possible if you do not input the names in lower case. For the
          very few names which do not begin with a capital (e.g."deBurgh")
          start the name with a <Space> to avoid automatic capitalization
          of the first letter. The entry will be stored and displayed on
          the screen with a space in front of it, but when the reference is
          formatted for output to a word processor file any leading spaces
          in the surnames are removed.

               Names containing accents and other special characters create
          a special problem. Although your word processor may be able to
          cope with some of these, different word processors do this in
          different ways so it is difficult for BIBLOGIC to deal with them.
          Because of this problem you will need to edit the final list
          using your word processor. To allow you to find such names it is
          suggested that you add a "+" to the end of the name when you type
          it into BIBLOGIC. You may then use your word processor's find
          (locate) function to fix these before printing.

               The program will automatically assign a number to the
          reference (beginning with B1 for the first book reference). This
          number will be displayed below the publisher. This number should
          be noted on your copy of the reference so you can quickly access
          it when you need to. You may like to use these reference numbers



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 52

                                                                  Reference


          to file your copies of the articles. This way, when a reference
          is located on the computer, the paper copy of the actual
          reference can be found easily.

               Fill out the rest of the information, noting the following
          points:

          Year           This should be a four digit number plus, where
                         appropriate, a single lower case letter to
                         identify articles by the same author in the same
                         year. If you only have one for that year use only
                         a number.

          Edition        Type the edition as, for example "2nd" or "3rd".
                         During printing " Ed." will be added
                         automatically.

          Chapter        Type the full chapter title in this field, or
                         leave it blank if you are referencing a whole
                         book. You should use capital letters in the title
                         according to the convention you wish to adopt. The
                         program can cope with a much longer chapter title
                         than the size of the blank space on the screen. If
                         you fill the space just keep typing and you will
                         see the title scroll within the space. Use the
                         arrow keys or <Home> and <End> to move within the
                         scrolling window. Use <Enter> to move on to the
                         next field.

          Book Title     Type the full title of the book into this field.
                         Again, correct capitalization of the title is your
                         responsibility. This window can also scroll.

          Published By   This field should contain the name of the
                         publishing house. It also scrolls.

          at             This field should contain the name of the city
                         where the book was published.

          Pages          Put the first page number of the item in the first
                         page field and the last in the second field. You
                         may use page numbers which are non-numeric if
                         appropriate. If the item is on a single page,
                         leave the second field blank. If no page numbers
                         are appropriate leave both fields blank. Do not
                         put "p" or "pp" in the page fields.

          Notes          This field may be used to note a library call
                         number or other information about the item. It is
                         a fixed length field and it is normally only




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 53

                                                                  Reference


                         displayed on the screen when editing the
                         reference. It is not normally printed (however,
                         see page 78.)

          Cited in       This field is used to indicate the source of the
                         reference. It is not normally used in the
                         preparation of references (but see below), it is
                         only for you own information. This field contains
                         B or J to indicate "book" or "journal article".

          Number         This field can contain the number of the reference
                         where this item was cited.

          Use citation   Normally this field will contain "N" and the
                         information in the previous two fields will not
                         appear in finished reference lists. If this field
                         contains "Y" the citing reference will be looked
                         up and "Cited in:" and the authors and year of the
                         citing reference will be appended to the cited
                         reference. You should make sure that the citing
                         reference also appears in your reference list.

                         If you like, you can use T for "True" and F for
                         "False" instead of Y and N.

               If there is no information to put in a particular field,
          leave it entirely blank. This will ensure that the format of
          printed references will be as close as possible to the desired
          output.

               In the event that there is information which you will have
          to fill in or change later, type a "+" in the field, along with a
          note. This will help you locate the reference in a list with your
          word processor. "+" is also used to "flag" error messages in the
          listing process (when for example an unlisted journal is
          referenced) so it is a good idea to use this for "manually"
          inserted flags as well. It can sometimes be useful to put
          something in the Notes field to remind you what is missing.

               In the special case where a book is being quoted as a whole,
          there may be no authors, only editors, to quote. The program can
          recognize this if you use the following technique. Put the
          editors names in the authors field, put the first editors surname
          also in the first editor name field, and make sure you do not
          input anything into the Chapters field. Under these special
          circumstances the reference will be output as (for example) :

          Smith A. B. and Jones C. D. (Eds) (1987).........






          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 54

                                                                  Reference


          5.2.2. Special features

          5.2.2.1. Moving the cursor between names

               You may move between the name fields by pressing <Enter> as
          described above, or you may use the arrow keys.

               The arrow keys work in a special way when the names are
          being input. This is designed to minimize the number of
          keystrokes when inputting or changing authors and editors without
          you having to remember special function keys. Although the action
          of these keys may seem complicated at first, take a few moments
          to try the various options and you will see the logic behind
          them.

               The <Enter> key simply moves you on to the next field, with
          one exception. When you press <Enter> in an empty Author surname
          field (usually the one after the last name that has been input)
          the cursor moves on over all of the remaining names to the
          editors. When inputting editors, pressing the <Enter> key in an
          empty surname field moves you on to the year field (i.e. on to
          the rest of the reference).

               The up-arrow and down-arrow keys can move the cursor from
          initial to initial, but if they are pressed when the cursor is on
          a surname they move you from name to name. To get from a surname
          to the corresponding initials you must press the <Enter> key
          (because the down-arrow key will skip the initials).

               The left- and right-arrow keys only move you within a name,
          and cannot move you from field to field.

               When you have gone on to the rest of the reference, you can
          go back up to make alterations to the authors or editors using
          the up-arrow key. When you reach the year field, a single press
          of this key takes you to the first author, rather than to one of
          the unused fields.

          5.2.2.2. Copying a previous reference

               Frequently, several similar references (for example
          references for chapters in the same book) are input one after
          another. BIBLOGIC allows you to copy information from any field
          in a previous reference to a new reference that is being added.
          To do this, press <F2>. You will see a list of the most recently
          added references (in the order that they were added). Move the
          cursor to the reference you want to copy using the up- and
          down-arrow keys (or <Pg Up> and <Pg Dn> keys). Press <Enter> to
          return to the new reference. The field you are in will be filled





          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 55

                                                                  Reference


          in from the old reference that you selected. When you
          subsequently press <F2> in any other field, that field will also
          be filled in from the old reference that you selected.

          5.2.2.3. Checking for duplicates

               When a reference is being input (or edited), pressing the
          "help" key <F1> will display a list of existing books or chapters
          in Author/year order. This can help you to avoid duplicating a
          reference in the system. The current reference will be
          highlighted. The up- and down-arrow keys (and <Pg Up> <Pg Dn>)
          can be used to browse through the list. When <Esc> is pressed to
          return to data input, the reference that was originally being
          input will be returned to the screen.








































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 56

                                                                  Reference


          5.2.3. Inputting a review

               When you have finished putting in the bibliographic details
          on this item you can go on by using the <Pg Dn> key. Pressing
          <Esc> will abandon this reference and return you to the menu.

               Normally, the program will now require you to enter at least
          one review for the new reference you have input so you will then
          see a review page.

               This screen contains part of the bibliographic information
          on the item above the top line and blank fields to fill beneath
          the line. Fill out these fields as follows:

          Comments       Enter this field by pressing <F3>. Type your
                         comments on the article. Use two <Enter>s to
                         separate paragraphs, but do not press <Enter> at
                         the end of each line - let the program format the
                         lines. Press <F4> to exit from this field.
          Topic          Use the numbering system you have developed.
          Page           The page in the book to which the review refers
                         (if applicable).

          Full details of the functions available while editing comments
          are given in an Appendix (see page 93). The amount of text you
          can put into the comments field is limited to about 1000 - 1500
          lines (depending on their length - see page 93). In practice, it
          usually is better to enter several reviews with one or two
          paragraph comments on an article, rather than one with a very
          large comment. By individually categorizing the comments by
          topic, you will have access to your references and comments in a
          more useful fashion.

               Note that <F2> may be used to copy a field from a previously
          entered review in a similar way to in references except that, in
          a review, <F2> always copies from the most recently added review.

               When you have finished putting in a review, you can leave
          the review either by pressing <Enter> at the last field or by
          pressing <Pg Dn>. In either case the review will be saved and
          another blank review will appear. You can put in as many reviews
          on the reference as you like. When you have put in all of the
          reviews that you require for that particular book, press <Esc>
          when the next new blank is displayed.

               You will now see another blank reference. Continue filling
          in references or press <Esc> to return to the menu.

               Note that, although the program will present you with a
          blank review after each reference has been put in, it is possible
          to press <Esc> and avoid putting in any reviews at all for that



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 57

                                                                  Reference


          reference. It is however, recommended that each reference has at
          least one review (even if no comments are put in) otherwise
          retrieval of that reference by topic will not be possible.

          5.2.4. Edit - Change a book reference

          5.2.4.1. Editing by reference number

               Select this option to change the details stored about a
          particular chapter or book. You will be asked to give the
          reference number of the item you wish to change. This is the
          quickest way to find the required item, so you should input this
          number if it is known (but see the notes on authors below).

               The program will then find the right reference and you can
          proceed in just the same way as if you were inputting a new
          reference. When you have finished making alterations you can use
          <Ctrl W> or <Pg Dn> to save the changes. Pressing <Esc> will also
          save the changes, except any changes to the field currently being
          edited. This allows you to escape from changes accidentally made
          to a field.

               If you wish to completely delete a reference, you can do so
          by pressing <Alt F10> while editing it. The program will then ask
          you to confirm that you want to delete the reference by pressing
          <Alt F10> a second time. The number of the reference that is
          deleted cannot be reused, and the numbers of other references
          will not be affected. You should not delete references except
          under exceptional circumstances. Normally references that are not
          useful to you can remain in the system (but will have topic codes
          which will not cause them to be listed). A reference can also be
          edited to change it into a completely different reference. If
          deleting a reference, be sure to delete the reviews for the
          reference as well.

          5.2.4.2. Editing with searches

               If you do not know the reference number of the item, answer
          "0" (i.e. just press <Enter>) instead of giving a number. You can
          then search for a particular author, search the book and chapter
          titles for particular words, and restrict the search to
          particular years. Type in the word you are looking for (or part
          of it) into the appropriate field on the screen. Step over unused
          fields using the <Enter> key. After the last field is filled (or
          if you press <Pg Dn>) the program will search for the required
          reference. Upper and lower case will not be differentiated in the
          search, but if you input a string containing spaces in the middle
          (e.g. "OF THE HEART"), the spacing must be exact for the search
          to work. You can use part words in the search, for example "vis"
          will find "vision", "visual", "visually", "visit" and so on.




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 58

                                                                  Reference


               The earliest year and latest year fields are used to specify
          a search restricted to material of a certain age. For example to
          look at references published only in 1979, put 1979 in both
          fields. For a search from 1979 to the present put 1979 in the
          earliest year field and leave the latest year field blank. For
          references before 1979 leave the earliest year field blank but
          put 1978 in the latest year field.

               For any of these searches, once a matching reference has
          been found, you can use <Pg Dn> to get to other references which
          match the criteria you have given. <Pg Up> may be used to go back
          to the previous matching reference, and you may use <Esc> or
          <Ctrl W> to get back to the menu without going through any more
          matching references. Note though, that <Esc> does not save any
          changes made to the field you are currently on.

               The program keeps an index of first authors' names - so if
          you know the first author or even just the first few letters of
          the first author's name, type this in. This will greatly increase
          the speed of this type of search. If you cannot supply this
          information the program can still look for the reference, but it
          will have to look through the entire database so the search will
          be slower (possibly several minutes in a database with thousands
          of entries on an "XT" type computer).

          5.2.4.3. Special author searches

               The program can also search for an name in author fields
          other than the first and it can search for names when you are not
          sure of the spelling (although both of these searches are much
          slower than a search of first author only). To use these special
          features a * or ? are typed in after the name. For example:

          First author: Smith   finds Smith & Jones but not Jones & Smith
          First author: Smith*  finds Smith & Jones or Jones & Smith
          First author: Smith?  finds Smythe & Jones but not Jones & Smythe
          First author: Smith*? finds Smythe & Jones or Jones & Smythe

          * causes the program to search all of the author fields.
          ? causes the program to look for "similar" names

               The program can only use the author index for the first of
          these searches, so the others are slower. In all cases if words
          in titles or years are also specified then only references
          satisfying these criteria as well as the name criterion will be
          shown by the program.

               The search invoked by the ? symbol is based on a special
          technique which is described in the appendix on page 97. It is
          not guaranteed to find what you want, but it will generally pull




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 59

                                                                  Reference


          out similar sounding names, such as Anderson, Andreassen and so
          on. The program will not find the name unless you have the first
          letter of the name correct.

               When you are editing references you may use the "help" key
          <F1> to show a list of authors in the same way as when inputting
          new references. The list will, however, include all references
          (not just those that satisfy the author, year and word criteria).

          5.2.5. Examine - Look at existing book references

               This option is exactly the same as the "Edit existing
          references" option, except you can only look at, not alter, the
          contents of the references. It is best to use this option to
          browse through references if you do not intend to alter them. It
          is quite easy to go back and use the edit option on a particular
          reference (make a note of its reference number) if you find you
          need to alter it.

               If you have used the word searching facility to find
          references, the page you see will be the first reference in the
          database which matches the criteria. You may use <Pg Up>, <Pg Dn>
          and so on as you would when editing references to move between
          different references which meet the criteria.






























          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 60

                                                                  Reference


          5.3. THE ARTICLES MENU

          The options on the ARTICLES menu are:

                              1. Add
                              2. Edit
                              3. Examine

               These options function similarly to the options on the BOOKS
          menu, but on the Journal Article references database.

          5.3.1. Add - Add new journal article references

               Select this option to input bibliographic details on a
          journal article. When you select this option you will be provided
          with a new, blank, record to fill in.

               Type the first author's surname followed by <Enter> and then
          each initial followed by <Enter>. Continue in this manner for all
          the authors. As with books references, the first letter of the
          surname and initials are automatically capitalized. Again, you
          should ALWAYS type names with the <Caps Lock> OFF. For the very
          few names which do not begin with a capital (e.g."deBurgh") start
          the name with a <Space> to avoid automatic capitalization of the
          first letter.

               The program will automatically number the reference in a
          similar way as with book references, starting with J1 for the
          first reference in the database. This number should be noted on
          your copy of the reference.

               Fill out the rest of the information, noting the following
          points:

          Title          Type the title of the article in this field. The
                         program can cope with a much longer title than the
                         size of the blank space on the screen. If you fill
                         the space just keep typing and you will see the
                         title scroll within the space. Use the arrow keys
                         or <Home> and <End> to move within the scrolling
                         window. Use <Enter> to move on to the next field.

          Journal        Type the number corresponding to the appropriate
                         journal in your journal list. When the cursor is
                         over this field, pressing the "help" key, <F1>
                         will show the currently selected journal list. You
                         may scroll through the list using the arrow keys,
                         or the letter keys (for example pressing J will
                         take you to the journals that start with J). Press
                         <Esc> to go back to editing the reference without
                         altering the journal recorded for that reference



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 61

                                                                  Reference


                         or press <Enter> to select that journal title. The
                         title corresponding to the number put into the
                         Journal field will be displayed below the field.

          Year           This should be a four digit number plus, where
                         appropriate, a single lower case letter to
                         identify articles by the same author in the same
                         year. If you only have one for that year, use only
                         a number.

          Volume         This field should contain the volume number of the
                         journal containing the article, if applicable.
                         This will normally be just a volume number, or
                         volume and issue in the form 10(2). The volume may
                         be non-numeric (for example "IV").

          Supplement     This field should contain the supplement number
                         (or letter), if applicable. In the special case
                         where just 0 is entered in this field, the program
                         will output 'Suppl.' with no number.

          Pages          Put the first page number of the article in the
                         first page field and the last in the second field
                         You may use page numbers which are non-numeric if
                         appropriate. If the item is on a single page,
                         leave the second field blank. If no page numbers
                         are appropriate leave both fields blank. Do not
                         put "p" or "pp" into the page fields.

          Notes          This field may be used to note a library call
                         number or other information about the item. It is
                         a fixed length field and it is normally only
                         displayed on the screen when editing the reference
                         itself (but see page 78).

          Cited in       This field is used to indicate the source of the
                         reference. It is not normally used in the
                         preparation of references (but see below). This
                         field contains B or J to indicate "book" or
                         "journal article".

          Number         This field should contain the number of the
                         reference where this item was cited.

          Use citation   Normally this field will contain "N" and the
                         information in the previous two fields will not
                         appear in finished reference printouts. If this
                         field contains "Y" the citing reference will be
                         looked up and "Cited in:" and the authors and year





          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 62

                                                                  Reference


                         of the citing reference will be appended to the
                         cited reference. You should make sure that the
                         citing reference appears in your reference list.

                         If you like, you can use T for "True" and F for
                         "False" instead of Y and N.

          5.3.1.1. Special features

               Similar special features as those available when inputting
          book references are available when inputting a journal article
          reference. Press <F2> to copy from a recently added reference in
          exactly the same way as with a book reference. The <F1> key will
          show you an alphabetical list of authors (just like in a book
          reference) on any field except the journal title field (when the
          journal list is displayed as described above).

               When you have finished inputting details on this item you
          can go on to do another by using the arrow keys or <Pg Dn>.

               You will then be provided with a blank review to fill in.
          Enter as many reviews as required and then press <Esc> when
          presented with an unwanted new blank. You will then be given a
          new blank reference. Enter the next reference or press <Esc>. to
          go back to the menu.

               This function is otherwise identical to adding a book
          reference.

          5.3.2. Edit - Change existing references

               This option functions almost exactly the same way as the
          equivalent option on the BOOKS menu. If you do not know the
          number of the item you wish to locate, type "0" for the article
          number and fill in the search screen.

               Searches for an author using * and ? symbols work in the
          same way as for book references (see page 59).

               References may be deleted by pressing <Alt F10>, but this
          should only be done under exceptional circumstances.

          5.3.3. Examine - Look at existing references

               This option is exactly the same as the "Edit existing
          references" option except you can only look at, not alter, the
          contents of the references.







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 63

                                                                  Reference


          5.4. THE REVIEWS MENU

          The options on the REVIEWS menu are:

                              1. Add
                              2. Edit

          5.4.1. Add - Add new reviews

               This option is used to input reviews at a time other than
          when you enter the corresponding reference.

               When you select this option you will be asked to provide the
          reference number for the book or journal article you are
          categorizing. Reviews on both books and journal articles are
          stored together so you must provide a number beginning with B or
          J to differentiate between them.

               Reviews are then entered in the same way as described in the
          BOOKS menu section on page 57.

          5.4.1.1. Special Features

               When the cursor is in the topic field of a review, you can
          get help on topic codes by pressing <F1>. This help is in the
          form of your own notes (or reminder screens) on your topic
          structure. See the appendix on page 99 for details.

          5.4.2. Edit - Change existing reviews

               You can edit an existing review by selecting this option.
          You will be asked for a book or journal number. Type in B or J
          followed by the appropriate number to search for reviews on this
          item. You will then be asked for a page number. Normally you will
          leave this blank but if you have many reviews on a particular
          item you may wish to include a page number so you start in the
          appropriate review. When the review is found you will be able to
          move between all reviews on this item using the <Pg Up> and
          <Pg Dn> keys.

               If you want to edit reviews based on the topic, rather than
          reference number, leave the reference number blank and press
          <Enter>. You will be asked for a topic to search on instead. You
          can put asterisks (*) in the topic to match with any digit in
          that position. This is not the best way to find reviews as it
          takes much longer for the program to find them (than by reference
          number) in a very large database.







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 64

                                                                  Reference


               Alternately, you may search for the occurrence of a
          particular word in the comments fields. If you put anything in
          the "search comments for" field the topic code will be ignored
          and you will see only reviews that contain the given word in the
          comments.

               Note that, because <Pg Dn> takes you to the next review that
          meets the topic criteria (and this may take some time to find)
          you should use <Ctrl W> rather than <Pg Dn> to get back to the
          menu when you have seen all the reviews you wish to. <Esc> may be
          used in the same way, but should not be used if you have made
          changes to the current review as it will not save the field you
          are currently on (this allows you to abort from an accidental
          alteration to a field).

               A review can be deleted entirely from the database by
          pressing <Alt F10>. The program will then ask you to confirm this
          by pressing <Alt F10> again.




































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 65

                                                                  Reference


          5.5. THE LISTS MENU

          The options on the LISTS menu are:


                              1. References
                              2. Comments with number
                              3. Comments with authors
                              4. Comments with reference
                              5. Journals
                              6. Manual list


          5.5.1. References - List full references

               This option allows you to generate a file containing
          properly formatted references which you can include in a document
          using your word processor. The format used for the reference is
          determined by the currently selected print format file. See page
          71 for details of how to switch between different format files,
          and how to create new ones.

               The file produced by BIBLOGIC can be read into your word
          processor to be included in a document or printed out. The
          procedure to read the file in varies from one word processor to
          another. Consult the supplement on word processors at the back of
          the manual for details of how to do this for your word processor.

               The references are usually selected on the basis of the
          category information in the reviews. Only references which have a
          review in the system can be selected.

               The references will normally be listed in alphabetical
          order, but they may optionally be listed in year order.

               When you select this option, the program will ask for a
          "topic" (or a word to search comments for), a number to start
          numbering from and a name for the output file. Type in the
          required topic code. Use asterisks (*) to define "don't care"
          levels in the topic. For example choosing "123*******" will list
          all references with topics starting "123" with no regard for the
          right-most seven digits. If you want to list references which
          have a particular word in the review comments put this word in
          the "search comments for" field. If you do this the topic codes
          will be ignored.

               If you want the references that are output to be numbered in
          sequence, put the number of the first reference in the "number
          from" field. This will usually be 1 unless the list is to be a
          continuation from another list. If you do not want the references
          to be numbered, put "0" in this field.



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 66

                                                                  Reference



               Choose a name for the output file, it can be up to eight
          characters. An extension ".TXT" will be added automatically.

               Normally, a list will consist of both book and journal
          article references, but you can restrict the list to references
          of one type or the other by putting B or J in the "Books, Journal
          articles or All ?" field.

               Sometimes it is useful to generate a list which includes the
          actual B or J numbers against each reference. If you want this,
          answer "Y" to "Show B/J numbers ?".

               A list in year order is produced by putting "Y" in the "Sort
          by year ?" field.

               After filling in the last field, press <Enter> (or <Pg Dn>
          if you want to skip fields). The program will start to compile
          the list. This can take several minutes with a very large
          database, so the program will keep you informed of its progress
          with messages on the screen:

          Loading print format....
          Opening output file....
          **** Press <Esc> at any stage if you wish to abort listing ****
          Setting up work area on disk....
          Finding required reviews....
          Removing duplicates....
          Looking up book references....
          Looking up journal article references....
          Sorting book references....
          Sorting journal article references....
          Making list....

               It is not important to follow this process, but you may find
          it of interest to do so. First the program finds the currently
          selected print format file and loads it into memory. A file to
          hold the list to be produced is then created and some temporary
          files for intermediate lists are also created. The reviews that
          satisfy the criteria you have requested are then copied to a
          separate file. Because the reviews are in numerical order it is
          easy for the program to locate and delete duplications in the
          list.

               The book references and journal article references in the
          list are then separately looked up and two lists are compiled.
          These are then put into alphabetical order and the output file is
          generated from these lists. During the listing the print format
          file is used to control the format of the list and appropriate
          codes are inserted into the list for your word processor
          according to the information in the print format file.



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 67

                                                                  Reference



               If any articles on the topic selected were found, you will
          see a list of references scroll up the screen. You may notice
          unusual symbols in the references. These are the special codes
          which tell the word processor where special effects (such as bold
          and underline) are to be placed in the text. The list will
          normally scroll off the screen once the screen is full, but if
          you want to stop the list from scrolling (and pause the process
          of making the list) you can use <Ctrl S> to pause and <Ctrl Q> to
          re-start. Of course, you will also be able to look at the list
          using your word processor later.

               At the end of the process BIBLOGIC gives you two figures:
          1) how much disk space it used for temporary files during the
          listing and 2) how much disk space there is left after these
          temporary files have been removed. When the first figure
          approaches the second in size it means that the amount of space
          left on the disk will soon be too small for BIBLOGIC to generate
          the necessary temporary files to generate a reference listing.
          Then is a good time to clean up your disk by removing unwanted
          backup copies of documents, old data which is already backed up
          and so on.

          5.5.2. Comments with number

               This option allows you to put all the comments in a group of
          references into a file for word processing. The references are
          selected by topic, in the same way as when you list the
          references themselves. When you select this option, you will have
          to specify a topic and file name in a similar way to the
          reference list option. In this option the comments are identified
          in the list only by the reference number.

          5.5.3. Comments with authors

               This option is similar to the previous one, except the first
          and second authors' surnames and the year are also included in
          the list. The names are listed only for the first comment
          pertaining to a particular reference.

               If the reference has more than two authors, "et al." is
          appended to the surnames of the first two authors.

          5.5.4. Comments with reference

               This option lists the comments as above, but all of the
          bibliographic information on the items is included in the list.
          This can be used for making annotated reference lists for use as
          (for example) a reading list for students or a list of "new
          acquisitions" (assuming that these have been marked in some way
          using a topic code).



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 68

                                                                  Reference



               The options are similar to those for a reference list. You
          can choose to suppress the topic code printout, and you can
          choose to suppress the B/J numbers if these are not required.

               These options will be adequate for most purposes, but the
          "Extended comments" option is included to allow you to produce a
          special type of comments list.

               If this option is used, once the relevant references have
          been selected using a topic code in the usual way, the comments
          for the selected references that match this second code will be
          included in the list. This feature can be used in a number of
          ways, for example:

          1)   You may wish to categorize references with very specific
               topic codes for reference retrieval, but only wish to use
               the comments facility for general comments or abstracts. You
               can mark these abstracts with a particular code (for example
               an "A" in the first column) and then use this facility when
               making a comments list. Use the topic code in the usual way
               (to select references on a particular topic) and then
               request comments marked "A*********" to get a list of the
               abstracts for the references found.

          2)   You may wish to identify references which address both of
               two different concepts. Use the first topic code to select
               references on one topic and then list the comments attached
               to these references on a different topic.

          If you answer "Y" to "Extend comments ?", you will be asked:

          Topic code to list for selected references ? **********

          The second topic code is entered at this point.

          5.5.5. Journals - List journal titles

               This option allows you to make a list of the journal titles
          in the currently selected journal list. You will be asked if you
          want the list to be in alphabetical order. Answer "Y" for
          alphabetical or "N" for numerical order. Press the <Enter> key.
          If the program has been set up to use a printer (see page 72),
          the list will be directed to the printer, as well as to a file on
          disk and on the screen. If the printer is not ready, or the
          program is not set up to use a printer the list will only be sent
          to the screen and to disk.







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 69

                                                                  Reference


               The disk file will have the same name as the journal list
          itself, with the extension ".ALP" for a list in alphabetical
          order, or ".NMR" for a list in numerical order. It is an ASCII
          file.

          5.5.6. Manual list

               A list of properly formatted references in an arbitrary
          order, determined by the user, can be made using this option. To
          do this, a list of B and J numbers (in the required order) must
          first be made outside BIBLOGIC. This may be done in your word
          processor, but the list must be saved as a plain ASCII file with
          no formatting characters. If your word processor cannot do this,
          you could use the editor provided with DOS or the DOS copy
          command (for example: "copy con list.msr") to create a file (see
          your DOS manual for details).

               The file must have the extension ".MSR" (for example, it
          could be called "LIST.MSR"). Each B or J number must start on a
          new line and there should be no spaces in the numbers and no
          blank lines.

































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 70

                                                                  Reference


          5.6. THE SET-UP MENU

          The options on this menu are:

                              1. Configure
                              2. New journal list
                              3. Edit journal list
                              4. New database
                              5. New print format
                              6. Edit print format
                              7. Set numbers
                              8. Medline/DIALOG conversions
                              9. Exit from BIBLOGIC


          5.6.1. Configuration

               This option allows you to set up the program for use in a
          different operating environment or for use by different
          operators.

               When you select this option you will be shown the existing
          configuration, and must fill in the following parameters:

          Database       This is the name of the database the program is to
                         use. Normally one person would have just one
                         database, but different users would often keep
                         their references in different databases. You
                         should avoid generating different databases based
                         just on subject unless there is little or no
                         overlap between the subjects. The name of the
                         database should consist of up to eight characters,
                         letters and numbers only. The name is used to
                         generate several filenames (.BKS, .JAR, .RVU etc.)
                         and no extension should be typed. The program is
                         initially set up to use a database called
                         "DATABASE".

          Journal List   In many cases each database will have a separate
                         journal list associated with it, but there may be
                         cases where a single list serves several users, or
                         one user wishes to switch between several lists
                         (usually to accommodate different abbreviation
                         schemes). To do this change the name of the list
                         here. The name of the journal list should consist
                         of up to eight characters, letters and numbers
                         only. An extension of .JLS is assumed, and should
                         not be typed in. The program is initially set up
                         to use "JOURNALS".





          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 71

                                                                  Reference


          Print Format   The print format file determines how reviews are
                         printed and what control codes are output for the
                         particular word processor being used. The file
                         name should consist of up to eight characters. An
                         extension of .PFF is assumed, and should not be
                         typed. The initial setting is "PRINTFOR"

          Printer Port   If you do not have a printer connected you should
                         leave this field blank. If you have a printer
                         connected to the computer this field should be set
                         as follows:

                         Port                     Name for field
                         Parallel port 1          LPT1
                         Parallel port 2          LPT2
                         Serial port 1            COM1
                         Serial port 2            COM2

                         If you are using a serial port for your printer,
                         it must be set up correctly using the DOS "MODE"
                         command before running BIBLOGIC (for example in
                         your "AUTOEXEC.BAT" file).

                         The program is initially set up for no printer
                         (i.e. this field is blank).

          Force Review   Normally the program "forces" the user to add a
                         review for a reference straight after the
                         reference is entered (although it is possible to
                         avoid entering a review at all by pressing the
                         <Esc> key at the blank review screen). If you do
                         not want to automatically go from references to
                         new reviews, select "N" for this option.

          Normal Review  In version 2.0 and later the TOPIC and PAGE fields
          Format         in a review appear in that order, with the topic
                         before the page. If you wish to have these fields
                         in the opposite order (like earlier versions of
                         the program) select "N" for this option.

          Beep on Finds  When you are searching through references (using
                         the edit or examine options) the program will
                         normally make a beep sound whenever it finds a
                         matching reference. If you wish to suppress this
                         feature, select "N" for this option.









          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 72

                                                                  Reference


          5.6.2. New journal list

               This option allows you to make a new journal list, either
          completely from "scratch" or by copying and altering an existing
          list. When you select this option you will be asked if you want
          to copy an existing list.

               If you answer "Y", you will be given a list of existing
          journal list (.JLS) files and asked for the name of the old file
          to copy, and the name of the new file. If you try to copy a file
          which does not exist, or give an existing name for the new file
          an error message will be given and you will be asked to specify
          the names again. You may quit from this screen by pressing <Esc>.

               If you answer "N" in response to the initial question, you
          will also be given a list of existing .JLS files and you will be
          asked for the name of the new list. If you specify an existing
          file name for the new list an error message will be given and you
          will be asked to re-enter the name. You may quit from this
          process by pressing <Esc>.

               In either case a new list will be produced, either
          containing the same journals as the original list, or completely
          blank, as requested.

          5.6.3. Edit journal list

               This option allows you to change the contents of an existing
          journal list. When you select this option you will be given a
          list of existing .JLS files and will be asked for the name of the
          file you wish to edit.

               You will then be asked if you want the list to be in
          alphabetical order. You may edit the list in alphabetical, or
          numerical order.

               The list will be put on the screen in two columns: journal
          numbers on the left and titles on the right. You may use the up-
          and down-arrows to move through the list a line at a time. The
          <Pg Up> and <Pg Dn> keys move to the journal at the top or bottom
          of the current screen. The <Home> and <End> keys move to the
          beginning or end of the whole list.

               In an alphabetical list, the letter keys may also be used to
          move to the relevant part of the list (for example, the "J" key
          will move the cursor to the first journal that begins with the
          letter "J").







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                                                                  Reference


               The function keys shown above the list may be used to modify
          the list. You may DELETE the journal at the arrows using <F5>,
          ADD a new journal using <F6>, FIND a particular journal (<F7>) or
          EDIT it (change the number or title) using <F8>.

               Note that, when you add a journal or change an existing one,
          the order of the list is changed to keep the list in numerical or
          alphabetical order - although the arrows are kept at the
          appropriate journal.

               When you add a journal the program will find the highest
          numbered journal in the list and will fill in the number for the
          added journal one higher than this. You can change this number if
          you like, but the program will not let you use a number that has
          already been used (this is also true when you edit the number of
          an existing journal).

          5.6.4. New database

               This option allows you to make a new database, either
          completely from "scratch" or by copying and altering an existing
          database. When you select this option you will be asked if you
          want to copy an existing database.

               If you answer "Y" you will be given a list of existing
          databases (in fact a list of .BKS files - the database consists
          of others too) and you will be asked for the name of the old
          database to copy and the name of the new database. If you try to
          copy a database which does not exist, or give an existing name
          for the new database an error message will be given and you will
          be asked to specify the names again. You may quit from this
          screen by pressing <Esc>.

               If you answer "N" in response to the initial question, you
          will also be given a list of existing databases and you will be
          asked for the name of the new database. If you specify an
          existing database name for the new database, an error message
          will be given and you will be asked to re-enter the name. You may
          quit from this process by pressing <Esc>.

               In either case a new database will be produced, either
          containing the same data as the original database, or completely
          empty, as requested.

          5.6.5. New print format

               Print format files determine two things. Firstly they define
          the style or layout of the reference (for example, how the
          authors' names are laid out and where in the reference the year
          is to go). Secondly they define the special codes that are to be
          used by BIBLOGIC to tell the word processor you are using which



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 74

                                                                  Reference


          words are to be in bold, underlined and so on. A particular print
          format file is therefore specific to both your application (for
          example publishing in a particular journal) and to the word
          processor you are using.

               A number of example print format files for different word
          processors are supplied with BIBLOGIC, so the complicated part of
          print format design (describing to BIBLOGIC the special codes to
          use for bold, underline etc.) is already done for you.

               This option allows you to create a new print format file and
          determine the format it represents and the codes it uses.

               When you select this option you will be asked if you want to
          copy an existing file. If you answer "Y" you will be given a list
          of existing files and asked to input names for the old and new
          files. If you answer "N" you will be asked to name the new file.

               The program will than set up tables for editing the file you
          have produced. If you have copied an existing file the format
          will initially be the same as that which you copied, otherwise it
          will be the default format.

               Specifying the format is done in several distinct stages.
          This system has been designed to fall somewhere between "totally
          flexible and difficult to use" and "easy to use but inadequately
          flexible". As a result the process is a little involved but
          should allow you to cover most of the formats you are likely to
          need. Once you have generated the print formats that you require,
          you can simply call them up by name, so you do not have to go
          through the process of design very frequently.

               The first stage is to specify the format of the author's
          names.

          NAME FORMAT

               First you are given an example of the current name format
          and are asked if you want to change it. This allows you to bypass
          this step and go on to the YEAR FORMAT (see below) if the format
          is already as you want it. If you answer "Y" you must then answer
          specific questions about the name format:

          Where do you want the initials to be positioned ?

              1. After name:  Smith AB, McDonald DEF and Evans GH...
              2. Before name: AB Smith, DEF McDonald and GH Jones...
              3. Inverted:    Smith AB, DEF McDonald and GH Jones...
              4. Inverted:    AB Smith, McDonald DEF and Evans GH...





          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 75

                                                                  Reference


          Normally you will choose option 1 or 2, but some journals do use
          options 3 or 4.

          Then:

          Do you want the names to be entirely in CAPITALS (Y/N) ?
          Do you want periods (full stops) after each initial (Y/N) ?
          Do you want spaces between initials (Y/N) ?

               In each case the current state of the name format is shown
          and the answer already in the box chooses the current state. You
          may change the answer to alter the format, and the example will
          change to reflect this alteration.

               After these simple yes/no responses, you have to define some
          more complicated parameters:

          What do you want between the surname and initials ?

          (This will only be asked for formats where you have asked for the
          initials to appear after the name).

          What do you want between names (when there are more than two) ?
          What do you want between the last two names ?
          What do you want after the last name ?

               These three items represent the characters which are
          underlined in this example:

          J Smith, A J MacDonald and P Stephens, (1973)....
                 ~~             ~~~~~          ~~

               In each case the answer field is filled with # symbols to
          represent unused characters. This enables you to specify spaces
          in the strings that you give.

          After specifying these items you will be asked:

          Is the above format for names correct ?

               Answer "N" if you want to go back and change any of your
          responses, or "Y" to continue.

          PUNCTUATION SEPARATING PARTS OF THE REFERENCE

               Next you will be asked to specify what punctuation is to
          separate the major parts of the reference. Most styles use either
          ", " or ". ".






          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 76

                                                                  Reference


          EDITORS

               You will then be asked:

          How do you want the editors to be shown ?

              1.................(Eds.)
              2. edited by............

          YEAR FORMAT

          For the year format, first you will be asked:

          Where do you want the year to be positioned ?

              1. After the authors' names
              2. At the end of the reference
              3. After the journal or after publication information
              4. After the volume or after publication information

          Then:

          What do you want before the year ?
          What do you want after the year (books/chapters) ?
          What do you want after the year (journal articles) ?

               These questions allow a wide variety of different
          punctuation to be used with the year.

               Note that, depending on the position that you select for the
          year, other strings may already be positioned before the year.
          For example: if you elect to position the year after the authors'
          names, then you will have already selected a string to follow the
          names. This string will be followed by your answer to "What do
          you want before the year ?", then the year, then another string.

               You will then be asked to specify what is to separate a
          chapter title from a book title. Most styles use "In", "in" or
          "In:".

          PUBLISHER FORMAT

          You will then be given a choice of formats for the publisher (of
          books or chapters):

          How do you want the publisher to be shown ?

              1. publisher, place
              2. place: publisher
              3. (publisher, place
              4. (place: publisher



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 77

                                                                  Reference



               The last two of these may seem unusual, but they are used in
          conjunction with options 3 and 4 for the year position to
          generate (for example):

          (New York: Champion & Champion, 1986)

          VOLUME FORMAT

          Next you must specify the format of the volume information (in
          journal articles):

          How do you want the volume/number to be shown ?

              1. 10(2) (as stored in database)
              2. Vol. 10 No. 2

          What do you want before the volume/supplement number ?
          What do you want after the volume/supplement number ?

          PAGE FORMAT

          You will then be asked to specify the page format:

          What do you want before the page number (one page item) ?
          What do you want before the page numbers (multi-page item) ?
          What do you want between page numbers (multi-page item) ?

               These questions enable you to specify formats which allow,
          for example:

          "page 117"               To be output where only a first page is
                                   supplied in the reference and
          "pages 117 to 119"       To be output where a first and last page
                                   is supplied.

          NOTES FORMAT

          You may elect to print the notes field in the reference for
          special applications:

          How do you want the notes field shown ?

              1. Notes field not printed in reference
              2. Notes field in [ ] at end of reference
              3. In place of an undefined journal

          You should choose option 1 unless you have a special application.
          Option 2 is used when the notes field has been used to record,
          for example, the location of an article and you want to print a
          list for your own use, rather than for publication.



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                                                                  Reference



          Option 3 can be used with references that have been converted
          from Medline format to print the journal title information from
          the notes field if the journal field has not been filled in.

          SPECIAL PRINTING EFFECTS - DEFINITION

               The next stage is to define the special characters which
          will be understood by your word processor to signify "special
          effects" such as bold, underline and so on. You will be asked if
          you wish to change these special effect definitions. If you
          answer "N" you will skip this part of the procedure and go on to
          SPECIAL EFFECTS - USAGE.

               If you copied an existing print format file (e.g. the
          examples supplied with BIBLOGIC) then you will probably not want
          to change these codes - so answer "N".

               If you answer "Y" you will be asked to supply names for up
          to six effects, and then the actual codes for turning these
          effects on and off. This is a lengthy and somewhat complicated
          process and you should read the Appendix on Print Format Files
          (see page 100) before attempting to make changes here.

          SPECIAL PRINTING EFFECTS - USAGE

               Next you must specify where the special effects are to be
          used. The number corresponding to the desired effect should be
          input against each of the options. These are mostly self
          explanatory, the code to turn the effect on is output before the
          item named and the code to turn it off again is output after the
          item. The last two need some clarification:

          file           defines an effect, the "on" code for which is
                         output right at the beginning of the whole file
                         (list). The "off" code is output right at the end
                         of the list.

          reference      defines an effect, the "on" code for which is
                         output before each complete reference. The "off"
                         code is output right immediately after each
                         complete reference.

               These last two options are used for special formatting
          purposes in some word processors (see the example PFFs for
          Microsoft Word, WordStar 2000 or WordPerfect [Trademarks]).

               After you have specified where the effects are to be used
          (or you can just press <Enter> for each one to accept the
          existing scheme) the new print format file is produced and
          written to disk.



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 79

                                                                  Reference



          5.6.6. Edit print format

               This option works exactly like the previous one, except an
          existing format is changed rather than a new one being created.

          5.6.7. Set numbers

               Under normal circumstances the program will assign the
          reference numbers to book and journal article references,
          starting with B1 and J1. If you need to start numbering at a
          different number, or if you wish to number the references
          yourself, you can use this option to do so.

               When you select this option, you will be shown the numbers
          which would be given to the next references to be input and you
          should type in the new values.

               You should avoid using this option unless you have special
          requirements which make it necessary.

               If you elect to number your own references the program will
          not check for duplicated numbers and you may not be able to
          access some references if you allocate the same number to more
          than one reference.

               It is safe to set the values to higher values than their
          current value - except if you choose a very high value you may
          run out of numbers sooner than you expect. Assigning a lower
          number than the current value may result in duplications and
          should be avoided.

          5.6.8. Medline/DIALOG conversions

               This option allows text captured from a MEDLINE or DIALOG
          search to be used to create a BIBLOGIC database. This option will
          prompt you for some file names and the type of conversion.

















          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 80

                                                                  Reference


          5.6.8.1. Medline

               The input file must be in the MEDLINE "RAW INDENTED" format.
          In the conversion process, BIBLOGIC looks for the following lines
          in the text, and all other lines are ignored.

          The lines the program uses start with:

               a number            Start of a new reference
               TA  -               Journal
               MH  -               "Mesh" heading
               TI  -               Title
               PG  -               Page
               DP  -               Date of publication
               AB  -               Abstract
               AU  -               Author
               IP  -               Issue number / supplement
               AD  -               Author data
               VI  -               Volume

               This option will prompt you for the name of the text file to
          be converted and the name for the new BIBLOGIC database to be
          created. During the conversion process a report file called
          "CONVERT.TXT" is generated. This can be inspected using your word
          processor or by the DOS "type" command to check the converted
          file. You are advised to check either this report, or the
          database generated, against the original MEDLINE text before
          appending the newly generated database to your main database
          using the IMPORT function.

               Note that the conversion from MEDLINE format puts the
          journal title into the notes field. You may then put in the
          correct numbers manually using you journal list. You may also do
          this by editing the MEDLINE text file before conversion. If
          BIBLOGIC finds a number where the journal title should be in the
          MEDLINE text, it will be put directly into the journal field
          rather than the notes field. This is better than relying on the
          journal titles being put into the notes field. This is because
          long journal titles may be truncated.

               In the conversion, the MEDLINE "MH", "AB" and "AD" fields
          will be put into the comments field in the review. The other
          fields listed above are put into the appropriate field in the
          reference. A single review is generated for each reference. It is
          left up to the user to put in an appropriate topic code and to
          add more reviews if appropriate.








          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 81

                                                                  Reference


          5.6.8.2. DIALOG

               This conversion works in a similar manner to the Medline
          conversion, except the lines which are used begin with different
          characters.

               In the conversion process, BIBLOGIC looks for the following
          lines in the text, and all other lines are ignored.

          The lines the program uses start with:

               <  or a number      Start of a new reference
               JN-                 Journal
               DE-                 Subject heading
               BT-                       "
               GL-                       "
               BC-                       "
               CC-                       "
               SC-                       "
               TI-                 Title
               PG-                 Page
               PY-                 Publication Year
               AB-                 Abstract
               AU-                 Author
               CS-                 Author data
               PU-                       "
               VO-                 Volume
               IS-                 Issue
               NO-                 Number
               SH-                 Heading

               Note that the conversion from DIALOG format puts the journal
          title into the notes field. You may then put in the correct
          numbers manually using you journal list. You may also do this by
          editing the DIALOG text file before conversion. If BIBLOGIC finds
          a number where the journal title should be in the DIALOG text, it
          will be put directly into the journal field rather than the notes
          field. This is better than relying on the journal titles being
          put into the notes field. This is because long journal titles may
          be truncated.

               In the conversion, the DIALOG IS-, VO-, NO- and subject
          heading fields will be put into the comments field in the review.
          The other fields listed above are put into the appropriate field
          in the reference. A single review is generated for each
          reference. It is left up to the user to put in an appropriate
          topic code and to add more reviews if appropriate.







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 82

                                                                  Reference


          5.7. THE UTILITIES MENU

               The UTILITIES menu allows you to add references to the
          current database from another BIBLOGIC database, or to extract
          references from the current database to form a new one. For
          conversion from other types of databases see the SET-UP menu on
          new databases (see page 74).

          The options on the UTILITIES menu are:

                              1. Import
                              2. Export
                              3. Pack database
                              4. Topic code changes
                              5. Register

          5.7.1. Import

               When you select the import option you will be asked for the
          name of a BIBLOGIC database. You will be asked to confirm this
          operation. This database in its entirety will be added to the
          current database.

               The B & J numbers of the added references will be increased
          to place them after the existing references, and the
          corresponding reviews will be altered accordingly. Please note
          that the journal title numbers and topic codes of the appended
          references are not altered, so the topic and journal numbering
          schemes of the current database and the appended database must be
          consistent. It is best to change these (if necessary) in the
          database to be appended before adding the new references to the
          current database. It is also advisable to print out a reference
          list with B/J numbers for the database to be added so that the B
          and J numbers are known after the appending process.

          5.7.2. Export

               The EXPORT option will prompt you to provide a topic code
          (or B/J number) to select references for output in the same way
          as the list options. You will also be asked for a name for the
          new database. If you select a name which already exists, you will
          be asked whether you really do wish to overwrite that database.
          Be careful that you do not overwrite a database that you wish to
          keep. The appropriate reviews, book references and journal
          article references will then be output to a new database. The
          references will be given new B/J numbers, starting at B1 and J1
          and the reviews will be altered accordingly.







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 83

                                                                  Reference


          The above functions are straightforward to use, but their very
          nature makes them potentially destructive if they are used
          indiscriminately. You are therefore advised to try them out on
          COPIES of your databases until you fully understand their use.

          5.7.3. Pack database

               This option allows you to actually remove deleted items from
          the database. When a reference or review is "deleted" it is
          marked as being deleted, but the space it takes up in the
          database is not reclaimed. This option will actually reduce the
          size of the database by reclaiming the space used by deleted
          items. It is only necessary to use this option if you have made a
          large number of deletions and you wish to reclaim disk space or
          speed up the operation of the program.

               This operation can take several minutes for a large
          database.

          5.7.4. Topic code changes

               This option allows you to make changes to all of the topic
          codes in the reviews in a database at one time. It allows you to
          make changes to your tree structure even when a large number of
          reviews have already been input. This function is somewhat
          limited however, and should not be relied upon as a substitute
          for careful tree design in the first place ! It is suggested that
          you use these options on a copy of your database, rather than on
          the database itself, as irreversible changes can be made to the
          reviews in a database. The options are as follows.

          5.7.4.1. Add column

               This option allows you to add a column in the codes so that
          (for example):

                                    "1234567890"
          becomes:
                                    "12345 6789"

          Note that the digit or letter in column 10 will be lost.

               Inserting a column before column 1 has the effect of moving
          the codes one position rightwards (losing column 10).

          5.7.4.2. Delete column

               This option allows you to remove a column from the code.
          Columns to the right of the deleted columns will be moved
          leftwards one position and the tenth column becomes blank so that
          (for example):



          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 84

                                                                  Reference



                                    "1234567890"
          becomes:
                                    "124567890 "

               Deleting column 1 has the effect of moving the codes one
          position leftwards (losing column 1).

          5.7.4.3. Individual substitutions

               Individual substitutions can be made in the following ways.

               A single code with all the columns specified may be replaced
          with another code throughout the database, or a number of codes
          (specified with an asterisk "*" in one or more columns) may be
          replaced.

               The replacement may be a fully specified code (i.e. all ten
          columns are given) or it may contain asterisks "*", in which case
          the columns containing asterisks will be unmodified.

               Note that the effect of the asterisks in the code being
          replaced is different to the effect in the replacement code. In
          the first case the asterisk means "change the code whatever is in
          this column". In the second case it means "do not change this
          column".

               When you have filled out both codes, you will be asked to
          confirm that the substitution is to go ahead.

               If the changes you are making to your tree structure are
          extensive you may need to use this option many times. If your
          changes require using this option repeatedly, you should be
          careful that the change you make does not give rise to codes
          which already exist and are to be changed. For example, you
          cannot change:

                            "X*********" to "YQT*******"
          and then
                            "Y*********" to "PQRST*****"

          without all codes starting with X or Y ending up as "PQRST....".
          These particular changes could be done in the opposite order with
          an entirely different effect. You could change codes to an
          intermediate value and then subsequently change them again (after
          other changes that would have affected them have been made).

               It is stressed that you should use this options on a copy of
          your database, rather than on the database itself, as
          irreversible changes can be made to the reviews in a database.




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 85

                                                                  Reference


          5.7.5. Register

               This option displays instructions on how to register your
          copy of BIBLOGIC. When Biblogic Computer Services receives your
          registration payment you will be sent a serial number for your
          copy of the program. Use this option to type in the serial
          number. This action will mark your copy and de-activate the
          sign-on screen which displays each time BIBLOGIC is run.

          5.8. EXIT

               The EXIT menu has just one option, that is to exit from
          BIBLOGIC. Press <Enter> when this menu is displayed to exit from
          the BIBLOGIC program. If the program was run directly from DOS
          you will be returned to DOS. If BIBLOGIC was run from within
          another program (for example a menu program) you will be returned
          to that program.





































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 86

                                                                 Appendices


          Appendix A. Installing BIBLOGIC on disk drives other than C:

               The following instructions will be relevant in only a few
          cases, so they have been included as an appendix.

               The installation program allows you to install BIBLOGIC on a
          drive other than drive C: simply by typing in a different drive
          letter at the appropriate prompt during installation.

               The only complication that could arise is if, for some
          reason (for example in certain network situations) the
          installation program is unable to correctly identify your boot
          drive and hence locate your CONFIG.SYS file.

               Under these circumstances the CONFIG.SYS file can simply be
          edited manually.






































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 87

                                                                 Appendices


          Appendix B. Running BIBLOGIC from other directories

               If you want to run BIBLOGIC from different directories (for
          example for different users) you must do the following:

          1)   Create subdirectories for each database.

          2)   Put the \BIBLOGIC directory on the search path so that DOS
               can find the BIBLOGIC program whenever you type
               "BIBLOGIC<Enter>" at the DOS prompt. See your DOS manual for
               details on how to use the DOS "path" command.

          3)   When you first run BIBLOGIC from a particular directory a
               set-up file "BIBLOGIC.BSU" will be created in that
               directory. This will define the default set-up:

               Database name:      "DATABASE"
               Journal list:       "JOURNALS"
               Print format:       "PRINTFOR"
               Printer:            None

               You will then have to go to the SET-UP menu and alter these
               values if these are not what you require. Note that this
               set-up will be "private" to the directory you are in and
               will always be in effect when the program is run in this
               directory. Usually, you will want to set up databases with
               different names for each user, even though the databases
               will be stored in separate subdirectories. This will avoid
               any possible confusion between databases when, for example,
               files are copied to floppies or transferred from one machine
               to another.

          4)   Copy any print format files, journal lists etc. that you
               will need into this directory. Note that any changes you
               make to these files will only be effective when running the
               program from this directory.

          Note that there are certain files (.DBF files) which BIBLOGIC
          uses to create new files which it must be able to find in the
          \BIBLOGIC directory. These need not be copied to the new
          directories.

               The above-described method of setting up BIBLOGIC is ideal
          when setting up a system to be used by novice users, since they
          simply have to "cd" to their own directory and run BIBLOGIC. A
          menu program can be used to isolate the users from DOS. Do not,
          however, install a menu system for a novice user if you (or
          somebody else) is not going to stay around to maintain the
          system. Novice users who have to operate substantially on their
          own should be encouraged to learn the rudiments of DOS.




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 88

                                                                 Appendices


          Running with BIBLOGIC.EXE in a different location

               BIBLOGIC always works in the current directory for database,
          print format, and journal list files. This allows "private"
          sub-directories to be set up as described above so that users do
          not interfere with each other's data. BIBLOGIC also uses certain
          files (such as NLSSTRUC.DBF) which, by default, it expects to
          find in "\BIBLOGIC". Normally, the method of setting up described
          above will be appropriate in a situation where more than one user
          is using the program. Each user can simply go to their own
          sub-directory and type BIBLOGIC to run the program. Data specific
          to the user is obtained from the current directory while BIBLOGIC
          system files are still available to the program because it looks
          for them in subdirectory \BIBLOGIC (on the current drive) by
          default. If, for some reason, you want to run BIBLOGIC in a
          directory other than "\BIBLOGIC" you must use the DOS set command
          in your AUTOEXEC.BAT to set up the environment variable BIBLOGIC.
          For example:

          set BIBLOGIC=D:\APPS\BIBLOGIC

          will cause BIBLOGIC to look in a different subdirectory for its
          system files. If the environment variable "BIBLOGIC" has been
          set, its value overrides BIBLOGIC's search path for system files.
          Note that, however, the location of program overlays is
          determined from the system path.

          The set-up file BIBLOGIC.BSU from the CURRENT directory is used
          when BIBLOGIC is run. Note also that there MUST NOT be spaces
          either side of the = sign in the SET command.
























          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 89

                                                                 Appendices


          Appendix C. Field sizes

          STRUCTURE OF THE DATABASES

               The sizes of the individual fields in a record are chosen as
          a compromise between overall database size and fitting in the
          actual information to be stored.

               In order to move around the database quickly, all records
          must be the same size (with the exception of the comments field
          in the review database). Records with short titles, for example,
          still take up the space taken by the largest possible title to be
          stored in the system. Keeping these sizes to a minimum then,
          reduces the overall size of the database and thus increases the
          number of records which can be stored on the disk.

               Fields which overflow can be accommodated (see page 54), but
          if this were to occur frequently a great deal of "patching up" of
          the final reference lists would be required.

               The sizes chosen were based on an actual database containing
          about 3000 references. The program has been written so that
          future versions can have slightly different field sizes if
          necessary. Adjustments (up or down in size) will be made based on
          actual user experience.

          MANIPULATION OF DATABASES OUTSIDE BIBLOGIC

               All of the databases are compatible with dBASEIII+
          (Trademark of Ashton Tate) and they may be manipulated using
          dBASEIII+. The names assigned to the various fields should be
          self explanatory, but look also at their contents in one of your
          databases. Note that BIBLOGIC uses a different method of indexing
          to dBASE III+ and that BIBLOGIC's indexes to a database which has
          been altered or created outside BIBLOGIC must be deleted before
          running BIBLOGIC so that it is forced to rebuild them. This is
          easily done by deleting (for example) "DATABASE.I*" in DOS before
          running BIBLOGIC. Failure to do this may result in irreversible
          damage to the database by use of an inappropriate index by
          BIBLOGIC.

               At the time of writing, it is believed that dBASEIV cannot
          be used to create or manipulate BIBLOGIC files because of
          differences in the file headers between dBASEIII and dBASEIV.

          The field sizes are as listed overpage.








          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 90

                                                                 Appendices


          Books database (.BKS File)        Journal articles (.JAR file)

          Authors (x5)                      Authors (x8)
          Last name   Character     25      Last Name   Character     25
          Initial 1   Character      1      Initial 1   Character      1
          Initial 2   Character      1      Initial 2   Character      1
          Initial 3   Character      1      Initial 3   Character      1

          Editors (x3)                      Year        Character      5
          Last name   Character     25      Title       Character    210
          Initial 1   Character      1      Journal     Numeric        4
          Initial 2   Character      1      Volume      Character      7
          Initial 3   Character      1      Supplement  Character      4
                                            Page start  Character      5
          Year        Character      5      Page end    Character      5
          Chapter     Character    150      Ref. number Numeric        5
          Book        Character    150      Notes       Character     25
          Edition     Character      5      Cited B/J   Character      1
          Publisher   Character     60      Number      Numeric        5
          Place/pub   Character     30      Use ?       Logical        1
          Page start  Character      5                               ---
          Page end    Character      5      ** Total **              501
          Ref. number Numeric        5
          Notes       Character     25
          Cited B/J   Character      1
          Number      Numeric        5
          Use ?       Logical        1
                                   ---
          ** Total **              671

























          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 91

                                                                 Appendices


          Reviews database (.RVU file)

          Ref. number Character      6
          Topic       Character     10
          Page        Character      5
          Comments    Memo          10 (pointer into .DBT file)
                                   ---
          ** Total **               31

          Comments (.DBT file)

          The maximum size of comment that the program can handle is
          approximately 65,000 characters. Note that this limit is larger
          than dBASE III allows.

          Journal list (.JLS file)

          Number      Numeric        4
          Title       Character    150
                                   ---
          ** Total **              154

































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 92

                                                                 Appendices


          Appendix D. Comments field editing


               On page 57 the comments editor (word processor) was briefly
          introduced.

               This editor can handle a maximum of approximately 65,000
          characters which is about 800-1500 lines (depending on their
          length). This sets the limit for the maximum amount of text you
          can put into a single comments field in a review.

          Commands

          <"Up-arrow">        Cursor up one line
          <"Down-arrow">      Cursor down one line
          < <- >              Cursor left one character
          < -> >              Cursor right one character
          <Ctrl -> >          Cursor right one word
          <Ctrl <- >          Cursor left one word
          <Home>              Cursor to beginning of line
          <End>               Cursor to end of line
          <Ctrl Home>         Cursor to beginning of comment
          <Ctrl End>          Cursor to end of comment
          <Pg Up>             Cursor up one "screenful"
          <Pg Dn>             Cursor down one "screenful"
          <Del>               Delete character at cursor position
          <Ctrl T>            Delete word at cursor
          <Ctrl Y>            Delete line at cursor
          <Ins>               Switch from "Insert" to "Overtype" mode.
                              "Ins" shows at the top of screen when in
                              insert mode. In insert mode characters typed
                              push existing text along to make room for the
                              new text. In overtype mode new text typed
                              replaces the old text.
          <Backspace>         Delete character to left of cursor
          <Ctrl B>            Reformat text in window
          <Esc>               Abort changes, exit comments field
          <F4> or <Ctrl W>    Save comments and exit

          Formatting of text in print-outs

               When typing text into a comment, do not use tabs and spaces
          to elaborately set out the text in tables and so on. Such
          formatting cannot be guaranteed to be preserved through to the
          final word processor file because the tabs and margins are
          eventually decided by the word processor, not BIBLOGIC.

               Instead, type the text in without pressing <Enter> except to
          separate paragraphs. To separate paragraphs use two consecutive
          carriage returns: "<Enter><Enter>".




          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 93

                                                                 Appendices


               Lists in "point form" for example:

          1) Switch on the kettle
          2) Get the teabags
          3) Wait for the kettle to boil

          should be typed on separate lines with <Enter><Enter> at the end
          of each line.














































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 94

                                                                 Appendices


          Appendix E. Backing up, considerations for advanced users

               If you are a seasoned computer user you will realize that
          the advice on backing up on page 48 does not tell the whole
          story. Incremental backups based on the state of the attributes
          bits in files are a safe way of backing up, but often much more
          data is copied in each backup than is really necessary. With big
          files such as those handled by BIBLOGIC backing up the changed
          files, and keeping all the previous copies of the files is
          certainly safe, but if your backups are to floppy disk you will
          either be knee deep in disks pretty soon, or you will be starting
          a fresh backup from scratch much more often than you would like.

               The answer is simple, but you will need to design your own
          strategy to suit you own purposes. The author of the program now
          uses a tape backup system, but when floppy disks were used in the
          past, the technique described below was used.

               A number of different programs to back up data to floppy
          disk are available. You can use the DOS "Backup" command, or
          contact your local dealer for other options.

          *****************************************************************
          NOTE: This technique is described here to help you design your
          own backup strategy. It is not absolutely foolproof, and may not
          suit your application - so if you use these suggestions, you do
          so at your own risk.
          *****************************************************************

          Initially a batch file called FULLBACK is used carry out the
          following process:

          1)   A utility program is used to set the "archive" bits on all
               files on the hard disk.

          2)   The archive bit on all ".BAK" files (backups produced by
               word processors) are then cleared.

          3)   A backup of all files with the archive bit set is made (i.e.
               everything on the disk but the .BAK files).


          Every day that the system is used, a batch file called PARTBACK
          is used to carry out the following:

          1)   The archive bit on all the files in the BIBLOGIC
               subdirectory is cleared.







          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 95

                                                                 Appendices


          2)   A backup of all files with the archive bit set is made (i.e.
               everything that has changed since the last backup EXCEPT the
               files in the BIBLOGIC subdirectory). These files are added
               to the end of the backup made with FULLBACK

          When the total size of the backup set of disks gets too large
          FULLBACK is used again to start another backup set. The above
          process takes care of everything on the system EXCEPT THE FILES
          IN BIBLOGIC. Because of their size they are handled differently.
          Every time BIBLOGIC is used to add a significant amount of
          information a batch file called BIBLBACK is used to do the
          following:

          1)   The archive bits on all files in BIBLOGIC are set.

          2)   The archive bits on all the index (*.I*) files are cleared
               (the indexes can easily be rebuilt and do not need to be
               backed up).

          3)   Everything in the BIBLOGIC subdirectory with the archive bit
               set is backed up to a different set of disks to those used
               for the PARTBACK/FULLBACK process. These are re-used each
               time, although two sets are kept and used alternately. This
               means that only the last two versions of the data in
               BIBLOGIC are kept (the FULLBACK process also keeps one,
               generally much older, copy as well).


          The problem with this sort of strategy is that a certain amount
          of the responsibility of keeping track of backups lies with the
          user. Probably the only (almost) foolproof method of backing up
          is to use a tape backup system to back up the whole of your hard
          disk(s) on a daily basis. Rotating through a number of tapes and
          making an occasional archive tape which is not re-used ensures
          maximum integrity of your back-ups.



















          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 96

                                                                 Appendices


          Appendix F. The SOUNDEX algorithm

               The BIBLOGIC program allows the user to perform a special
          sort of search for authors when the user is unsure of the
          spelling of an authors name. The search is based on an algorithm
          known as the "SOUNDEX" algorithm which was originally described
          in "The Art of Computer Programming".

               It is not necessary to understand how this algorithm works
          to use it - this description is included here as a matter of
          interest.

               The algorithm works by converting names to be compared into
          sequences of letters and numbers in such a way that similar names
          will convert to the same sequence.

               To convert a name into a code the following procedure is
          followed:

          1)   The name is converted to upper case.

          2)   The first letter of the name becomes the first letter of the
               code (in other words, there is no conversion of the first
               letter).

          3)   Where double letters occur, the duplication is removed.

          4)   For the rest of the letters in the name, the characters
               A,E,H,I,O,U,W and Y are omitted.

          4)   The string is truncated to four characters (or filled out to
               four characters with zeroes if it is shorter).

          5)   Letters (other than the first one) are replaced with numbers
               according to the following scheme:

                    B,F,P or V               1
                    C,G,J,K,Q,S,X or Z       2
                    D or T                   3
                    L                        4
                    M or N                   5
                    R                        6

          Codes produced in this way for two "similar" names will be the
          same.









          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 97

                                                                 Appendices


          The scheme is not, of course, foolproof. It will not help you if
          you are not sure whether you are looking for Christoff or
          Kristoff (you would simply have to search twice in this case),
          but it will enable you to overcome the most common problems with
          vowels and double letters.

          Reference:

          MK Odell & RC Russell in "The Art of Computer Programming", Vol.
          3, Sorting and Searching", Page 392. Addison & Wesley.












































          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 98

                                                                 Appendices


          Appendix G. On-screen topic help

               Each time BIBLOGIC is run, it determines what database is
          being used and then it looks for a text file with the same name
          as the database and the extension ".HLP", for example
          "DATABASE.HLP".

               This text file is an ASCII file created by the user using a
          word processor or program editor. It should contain notes to
          remind you about your topic structure. The notes may be just text
          or, if your word processor or editor allows, they may contain
          special symbols to make up a diagram of your tree.

               The file may have more than one page, the pages being
          separated by a line containing an "@" in the first column (a
          form-feed character may be used instead).

               Each page may consist of up to 24 lines of text. Each line
          should contain 79 characters or less. It is a good idea (but not
          essential) to number each page on the first line with, for
          example "PAGE 1".

               Note that the .HLP file must be an ASCII file, not a word
          processor document. Most word processors can produce an ASCII
          file, consult your word processor manual for details.

               When you are using BIBLOGIC and are about to fill out a
          topic code field (in a review, or to specify what is to be
          included in a list) you may call up the information in the ".HLP"
          file by pressing function key <F1>. You may move from page to
          page using the <Pg Up> and <Pg Dn> keys or by pressing the number
          keys <1> to <9> to go directly to a particular page. The up- and
          down-arrow keys work in the same way as the <Pg Up> and <Pg Dn>
          keys. To leave the help file, press <Esc>.

               If you want to make changes to your .HLP file, simply edit
          it using the word processor or editor that you originally
          produced it with.

               An example of a .HLP file is included in the release
          package.













          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 99

                                                                 Appendices



          Appendix H. Special effects codes for new word processors

               BIBLOGIC can be configured for use with most word
          processors. If the documentation for the word processor does not
          describe the embedded control codes, they can be often be worked
          out by creating a simple text file using all the control codes
          you need and examining what the word processor generates using a
          program such as DEBUG. This is not an easy procedure to describe
          to somebody not familiar with DEBUG, ASCII codes and so on, so it
          is best left to somebody who is !

               Create a new (empty) file using your word processor and type
          in some example text using the appropriate special effects. For
          example:

          This is Bold text
          This is Underlined text
          This is Bold and underline used together

               Examine the file produced using DEBUG or some similar
          utility. Depending on the word processor the file (sometimes each
          page) may start with a header block. Skip over this part of the
          file until you see the text you typed. Look among this text for
          control codes. Many word processors use the same codes to turn an
          effect on or off, but beware, this is not universal. Also, many
          word processors use the most significant bit for special purposes
          so you will need to take this into account. If you use DEBUG note
          that the values are in hexadecimal and you will need to convert
          them to decimal to generate a BIBLOGIC print format file.

               If the word processor generates files without a header (e.g.
          WordStar [Trademark]) then you can simply edit the files
          generated by BIBLOGIC. If the word processor you use uses headers
          on its files you will have to create an empty file with the word
          processor and read in the text from the BIBLOGIC file using a
          file read command (called "Block read", "Block insert", "File
          input" or something similar).

          Problems with special effects.

               If, when you print a file using your word processor, the
          special effects you have programmed do not appear in the text it
          could be for a number of reasons. Examine the symptoms more
          closely and use the table below to locate the fault.









          BIBLOGIC                                                  Page 100

                                                                 Appendices



          (1)  The special effects do not show up properly in the file when
               you examine it with your word processor.

               The simplest cause of this problem is having the wrong print
               format file selected in the BIBLOGIC configuration. Use
               option 1 on the SET-UP menu to check this.

               If this is not the cause of the problem then either you have
               set the codes up wrongly in the print format file, or the
               word processor strips control codes when it reads in a text
               file. If you are absolutely certain that you have set up the
               codes correctly then, unfortunately you have a word
               processor which is unable to read in text with special
               effects already in place. It may be possible to use unusual
               character strings (for example \B for bold) in place of
               special effects codes, which can be replaced with effects
               codes using the word processor's "find and replace"
               function. You must use a combination of characters that you
               will not want to include in regular text, to avoid
               accidental replacements.

          (2)  The special effects show up properly in the file when you
               examine it with your word processor, but they are not
               printed correctly.

               You have not properly set up your word processor to drive
               your printer. Consult the word processor manual and printer
               manual to rectify this.

























          BIBLOGIC                                                 Page 101

                                        Index


          A                                 D
          Aborting a record, 19             Database
          Accents, 52                       creating a new one, 74
          Adding                            file name, 71
          a book, 15, 52                    DBT files, 13
          a review, 64                      DIALOG, 82
          an article, 61                    DOS, 3
          Advanced features, 49             Duplications, 56
          ALP file, 69
          Arrow keys, 9                     E
          Articles menu, 18                 Editing information, 20
          Author                            Edition, 53
          list of authors, 56               Editors, 54
          skipping over names, 55           Escape key, 10
                                            Et al., 68
          B                                 Examine, 21, 60, 63
          Backing up, 48
          Basic principles, 9               F
          BKS file, 12                      Features, 2
          Bold, 79                          Fields, 13
          Book reference format, 15         File names, 11, 67
          Book title, 53                    Files, 11
          Books menu, 15, 52                Function keys, 10, 56
                                            F1, 37, 56, 60, 61, 63, 99
          C                                 F2, 55, 57, 63
          Categorization, 26, 57, 66        F3, 17, 44, 57
          Category structure                F4, 17, 44, 57, 93
          customized, 31                    F5, 43, 74
          design, 25                        F6, 43, 74
          display, 37                       F7, 43, 74
          hierarchical, 26                  F8, 43, 74
          matrices, 27
          partial, 40                       G
          testing, 34                       Goreal, 41
          Changing information, 20
          Chapter numbers, 38               H
          Chapter title, 53                 Hierarchical system, 2
          Citation, 54, 62                  Hierarchical tree structure, 26
          Comments
          listing to a file, 68             I
          on a reference, 16, 57            IBK files, 13
          CONFIG.SYS, 6                     IJA files, 13
          Configuring the program, 71       Import/Export, 49
          Control key, 10                   Inputting
          Copying Biblogic, 3               references, 41, 44
          Copyright, 3                      reviews, 44
          Cursor movement, 13               Installation, 6
          around screen, 19                 special cases, 87, 88
          between records, 19               IRV files, 13
                                            Italics, 79


          J
          JAR file, 12                      O
          JLS file, 12                      Overflow of fields, 54
          Journal article title, 61
          Journal articles menu, 18, 20,    P
          61                                Page numbers, 53, 57, 62, 79
          Journal list                      Page up & down keys, 19
          creating a new one, 73            Parallel printer, 72
          file name, 71                     Partial categorization, 40
          modifying an existing one, 73     PFF file, 12, 74
          Journal name, 43, 61              Place of publication, 53
                                            Plus symbol, 52
          K                                 Print format
          Keyboard markings, 9              creating a new one, 74
          Keywords, 26                      file name, 71
                                            modification of, 46
          L                                 name format, 75
          Learning BIBLOGIC, 8              page number format, 79
          Lists - introduction              special effects, 79
          journal list, 42                  Print screen function, 13
          options, 45                       Printer port, 72
          reference list, 21                Publisher, 53
          Lists menu, 66
          Long names or titles, 54          Q
                                            Quiting a record, 19
          M
          Main menu, 10, 14, 50             R
          Matrices, 27                      Real references, 41
          Medline, 81                       Records, 13
          Memory Requirements, 3            Reference number
          Menu                              changing, 80
          books, 15, 52                     Review - introduction, 16
          journal articles, 18, 20, 61      Reviews menu, 64
          lists, 66                         Running Biblogic, 14
          main, 10, 14, 50                  RVU file, 12
          reviews, 64
          set-up, 71                        S
          Missing information, 54           Screen boxes, 13
                                            Screen function, 9
          N                                 Searching, 20, 21, 58
          Name                              Serial printer, 72
          in comments list, 68              Set-up menu, 71
          of author, uncapitalized, 52      Sharing the system, 38
          of authors, 15, 22, 61, 75        Special effects, 79
          of city, 53                       Spelling, 59
          of databases, 11, 71              Starting Biblogic, 14
          of editors, 15, 54                Supplement, 62
          of files, 11, 67
          of journal, 2, 12, 43, 61, 69     T
          of journal list file, 71          Title, 61
          of output file, 22, 66            Topic code, 26, 57, 66
          of print format files, 47         critical date, 39
          of special effects, 79            marking references, 39
          skipping over names, 55           zero as, 39
          too long, 54                      Tree structure, 26
          NMR file, 69
          Notes, 53, 62
          NUM files, 13

          U
          Underline, 79
          Upgrading to latest version, 8

          V
          Volume, 62

          W
          Warranty, 3
          Word-processor, 2, 47, 66, 93
          Writing a record to disk, 19

          Y
          Year, 59
          book reference, 53
          journal article reference, 62

          Z
          Zero, as a category, 39